tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-75969842024-03-12T21:54:24.908-04:00Bill Robinson - Research ArchiveBill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comBlogger320125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-54844473732151004922016-06-28T00:13:00.000-04:002016-06-28T00:13:02.762-04:00Stories from the Revolution... Indians... Calloway...<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-4bW_50qfbko/V3H3V6hqVKI/AAAAAAAActA/R7FCAoVPvc8/s640/blogger-image-322040176.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-4bW_50qfbko/V3H3V6hqVKI/AAAAAAAActA/R7FCAoVPvc8/s640/blogger-image-322040176.jpg" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
(Image: Mohawks, led by Joseph Brant, adhered to their long-standing allegiance to the British.)<br />
<div>
<br />
<div>
American Indians and the American Revolution
by Collin G. Calloway </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The Declaration of Independence accused King George III of unleashing "merciless Indian Savages" against innocent men, women, and children. The image of ferocious warriors propelled into action by a tyrannical monarch fixed in memory and imagination the Indians' role in the Revolution and justified their subsequent treatment. But many Indian nations tried to stay out of the conflict, some sided with the Americans, and those who fought with the British were not the king's pawns: they allied with the Crown as the best hope of protecting their homelands from the encroachments of American colonists and land speculators. The British government had afforded Indian lands a measure of protection by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which had attempted to restrict colonial expansion beyond the Appalachian Mountains, and had alienated many American colonists. Indians knew that the Revolution was a contest for Indian land as well as for liberty. </div>
<div>
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /></div>
<div>
Some Indian tribes went to war early. Cherokee warriors, frustrated by recurrent land losses, defied the authority of older chiefs and attacked frontier settlements, only to be soundly defeated by expeditions from Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas. On the other hand, Indians from the mission town at Stockbridge in western Massachusetts, like most New England Indians, supported their colonial neighbors. They volunteered as minutemen even before the outbreak of the fighting, joined Washington's army at the siege of Boston, and served in New York, New Jersey, and Canada. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The Revolution split the Iroquois Confederacy. Mohawks led by Joseph Brant adhered to their long-standing allegiance to the British, and eventually most Cayugas, Onondagas, and Senecas joined them. But Oneidas and Tuscaroras sided with the Americans, owing in large measure to the efforts of their Presbyterian missionary Samuel Kirkland. The Revolution became a civil war for the Iroquois, as Oneidas clashed with Senecas at the Battle of Oriskany in 1777. Iroquois sufferings were compounded in 1779 when General John Sullivan led an American army through their country, burning forty towns and destroying crops. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
In the Ohio country Guyashuta of the Senecas, Cornstalk of the Shawnees, and White Eyes of the Delawares worked hard to steer a neutral course in the early years of the war. At the Treaty of Fort Pitt in 1778, Delawares and Americans pledged "perpetual peace and friendship." But after Americans killed White Eyes and Cornstalk, and slaughtered noncombatant Moravian Delawares at the mission town of Gnadenhutten, Ohio Indians made common cause with the British. They won victories in the West long after Cornwallis had surrendered in the East, and continued to resist American expansion for a dozen years after the Revolution. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
In 1783, under the terms of the Peace of Paris, without regard to its Indian allies, Britain handed over to the new United States all its territory east of the Mississippi, south of the Great Lakes, and north of Florida. The United States proceeded to expand westward, acquiring Indian lands by treaty and by force. Stockbridges and Oneidas who had supported the Americans lost lands as well as Senecas and Shawnees who had fought against them. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Indians fought in the Revolution for Indian liberties and Indian homelands, not for the British empire. But the image of Indian participation presented in the Declaration of Independence prevailed: most Americans believed that Indians had backed monarchy and tyranny. A nation conceived in liberty need feel no remorse about dispossessing and expelling those who had fought against its birth. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
To learn more: </div>
<div>
Colin G. Calloway, The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). </div>
<div>
Barbara Graymont, The Iroquois in the American Revolution (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1972). </div>
<div>
Woody Holton, Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia (Chapel Hill : Published for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture by the University of North Carolina Press, 1999). </div>
<div>
Richard White, The Middle Ground : Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
</div>
</div>
Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-11270026613283254992016-06-22T15:33:00.002-04:002016-06-28T00:14:09.760-04:00DsS... Wordpress...http://ss.sites.mtu.edu/mhugl/2015/10/11/dunlaps-station/<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-uPa4PQK9MZU/V2rpG0IIudI/AAAAAAAAcso/DiO92M_C7vM/s640/blogger-image-48897949.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-uPa4PQK9MZU/V2rpG0IIudI/AAAAAAAAcso/DiO92M_C7vM/s640/blogger-image-48897949.jpg" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div>
← Willow Run – B24 LiberatorMesabi Range Mines, Minnesota 1939-1945 →
Dunlap’s Station
Posted on 11 October 2015 by Justin King
Overview
Present day location of Fort Dunlap
Dunlap’s Station, also known as Fort Colerain, was an installation on the east bank of the Miami River which was established in early 1790. It is northwest of present day Cincinnati, Ohio nestled in a bend just downriver from the U.S. Route 27 Bridge between Cincinnati, Ohio and Ross, Ohio.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /><br />
Dunlap’s Station was named after John Dunlap, the man hired to survey the Miami Purchase, in what is now Hamilton, Butler, and Warren counties in Ohio. It is unclear whether this John Dunlap is the same John Dunlap who was one of the most successful American printers of his time, who printed the first copies of the Declaration of Independence, and who was mentioned in Report No. 362, 1st Session 25 Congress as being the man hired to survey the Miami Purchase. If we assume they are not one and the same, then the existence of two men named John Dunlap from Ireland is highly coincidental. The Siege of Dunlap’s Station took place during the Northwest Indian War, also known as Little Turtle’s War.
Northwest Indian War
Lithograph of Little Turtle by Gilbert Stuart.
The Northwest Indian War occurred between the newly formed United States of America and numerous Indian tribes, supported by the British, for control over the Northwest Territory in 1785. The Northwest Territory now encompasses the states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, parts of Minnesota, and Ohio. The Northwest Indian War took place approximately 3 years after the United States of America gained its independence from the British crown. In November and December of 1790 the plans for simultaneous sieges on Dunlap’s and Baker’s Station were drawn up during meetings between British Indian agents and Chiefs of the confederated tribes. The “white Indian” known as Simon Girty was to lead the sieges. It is unclear whether Simon Girty led the Baker’s Station siege or the Dunlap’s Station siege. However it is generally believed he led the Baker’s Station siege and was not present at Dunlap’s Station.
Simon Girty
Simon Girty was born near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania in 1741. In 1756 his family was captured by the Lenape tribe and his step-father was burned at the stake. He eventually wound up with the Seneca, a tribe near Lake Erie’s east shore with Pennsylvania. By the time of his departure in 1764, during a prisoner exchange after the Pontiac War, Simon Girty had assimilated with the Seneca and preferred their culture. In 1774, just before the formal outbreak of the American Revolution, Simon Girty fought alongside individuals such as George Rogers Clark, Simon Kenton, Thomas and Edward Cunningham, Daniel Boone, Colonel William Crawford, Daniel Morgan, and William Caldwell, on the side of the British during Lord Dunmore’s War. During the initial outbreak of the American Revolution, he sided with the revolutionaries. In early 1778, Simon Girty defected to the British and their Indian allies in Detroit. He subsequently fought alongside and led multiple attacks against the revolutionaries. He even ended up fighting those whom he had served alongside; Daniel Boone in the Battle of Blue Licks near the end of the war and Continental Army Colonel William Crawford during his ritual torture and execution. It was his presence during and testimony by John Knight after, that led to his vilification in the United States of America.
The Siege of Dunlap’s Station
The Siege of Dunlap’s Station began on January 8, 1791, approximately 1 year after it was established, and lasted until January 11, 1791. On January 8, 1791 a surveying party, unaffiliated with Dunlap’s Station, crossed the Great Miami River to the west bank. The party, consisting of John Wallace, John Sloan, Abner Hunt, and Cunningham (It is not clear whether this Cunningham is one of the same who served alongside Simon Girty during Lord Dunmore’s War, or someone completely unrelated.), were ambushed by a Native scouting party ahead of the planned siege. Cunningham was killed, Abner Hunt was captured, and John Sloan was wounded. The remaining party members, John Wallace and John Sloan, fled to nearby Dunlap’s Station.
Lieutenant Jacob Kingsbury, began preparations for a siege. On January 10, 1791 the Natives approached the station and demanded their surrender using Abner Hunt as their interpreter. During the negotiations gunfire broke out. The resulting skirmish lasted roughly twenty four hours, after which the Natives withdrew when they failed to set the fort ablaze with fire arrows. Shortly after their withdrawal, a relief force from Fort Washington, located in present day Cincinnati Ohio, arrived being led by John Wallace who had volunteered to gather reinforcements.
Abner Hunt, previously captured, was murdered in Native captivity according to later reports by Kingsbury. There are conflicting reports on whether Abner Hunt was tortured or not prior to his death, however Kingsbury makes no mention of such a thing happening in his official reports. Although his reports are mentioned in other works, I have not been able to locate them. The closest I could find was a correspondence to Kingsbury from one Brigadier General Hamar on January 14, 1791.
Map data ©2016 Google
Terms of Use
Map
Satellite
5 km
Primary Sources
Clerk’s Office of the District Court for the District of Ohio. Notes on the Early Settlement of the Northwestern Territory. By Jacob Burnet. Cincinnati: Derby, Bradley & Co, 1847.
Report No. 362, 1st Session 25th Congress. Government Printing Office, 1879. Congressional Series of United States Public Documents.
Ohio Archaeological and History Publications. Vol. XVII. Fred. J. Heer, 1908. 64-72.
Secondary Sources
Butts, Edward. “Return of the White Savage.” Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior. 196-97.
“John Dunlap.” American National Biography. Mark Carnes and John Garranty, Vol. 7. New York: Oxford, 1999.
“Dunlap/Delap Papers.” Public Records office of Northern Ireland, November 2007.
For Further Reading
John Dunlap
Simon Girty
Siege of Dunlap’s Station
This entry was posted in Battle, Installation. Bookmark the permalink.
← Willow Run – B24 LiberatorMesabi Range Mines, Minnesota 1939-1945 →</div>
Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-6517619148479211932016-06-19T23:09:00.001-04:002016-06-22T15:38:19.729-04:001755 Ohio River Valley<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span class="title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.33em;">Partie de l'Amérique septentrionale, qui comprend le cours de l'Ohio, la Nlle. Angleterre, la Nlle York, le New Jersey, la Pensylvanie, le Maryland, la Virginie, la Caroline</span><br style="clear: left;"><br style="clear: left;"><span class="noteStrong" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline;">Author:</span> Robert de Vaugondy, Gilles<br style="clear: left;"><span class="noteStrong" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline;">Date:</span> 1755<br style="clear: left;"><span class="noteStrong" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline;">Location:</span> Ohio River Valley, United States<br style="clear: left;"><br style="clear: left;"><span class="noteStrong" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline;">Dimensions:</span> 48 x 62 cm.<br style="clear: left;"><span class="noteStrong" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline;">Scale:</span> ca. 1:3,000,000<br style="clear: left;"><span class="noteStrong" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline;">Call Number:</span> G3700 1755 .R63<br style="clear: left;"><br style="clear: left;"></span><div class="downloadAction" style="margin: 0px 10px 6px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; float: left; height: 32px; background-image: url(http://maps.bpl.org/sites/all/themes/leventhal/images/save_icon.gif); background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"></div>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-34703496101247582692016-06-18T18:57:00.001-04:002016-06-28T00:15:07.927-04:00The Mihši-maalhsa Wars – Part IIhttps://myaamiahistory.wordpress.com/2014/03/31/the-mihsi-maalhsa-wars-part-ii/<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-xWYjc6yF5rw/V2XSbNcs1YI/AAAAAAAAcsE/4GUFdPYtFuE/s640/blogger-image-1423712738.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-xWYjc6yF5rw/V2XSbNcs1YI/AAAAAAAAcsE/4GUFdPYtFuE/s640/blogger-image-1423712738.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="entrytitle">
<h3 style="color: #6f6f6f; font-family: Sylfaen, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px; margin: 0px;">
March 31, 2014</h3>
</div>
<div class="entrybody">
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: center;">
<strong>meekaalankwiki mihši-maalhsa – mikaalitioni kiihkayonki</strong><br />
The Mihši-maalhsa Wars – Part II – The Battle of Kiihkayonki</div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">
<i>This article is the second of a five-part series on the history of our wars with the Mihši-maalhsaki (Americans), which occurred from 1778-1794 and from 1812-1814. This second article focuses on the Battle of Kiihkayonki, also known as Harmar’s Defeat.</i> <i>If you want to hear the pronunciation of the Myaamia terms in this article, please visit our online dictionary at: </i><a href="http://www.myaamiadictionary.org/" style="color: #557799; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www.myaamiadictionary.org</a><br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">
In Part I of this series we looked at some of reasons behind the increased violence between Myaamia people and the Mihši-maalhsa (Americans) in the 1780s. When we left off, the Americans were desperately trying to assert the legitimacy of their claims to the Ohio River Valley in the Treaties of Ft. Stanwix (1784), Ft. McIntosh (1785), and Ft. Finney (1786). However, these treaties were largely viewed as fraudulent by Native peoples living along the Kaanseenseepiiwi (Ohio River), Taawaawa Siipiiwi (Maumee River), and Waapaahšiki Siipiiwi (Wabash River).</div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">
Following the defeat of La Balme (<a href="https://myaamiahistory.wordpress.com/2014/01/10/the-mihsi-maalhsa-wars-part-1/" style="color: #557799; text-decoration: none;">see last article</a>), the Myaamia continued to raid American squatters along the Kaanseenseepiiwi (Ohio River). In response, the Mihši-maalhsa organized many raids on Myaamia, Delaware, and Shawnee villages throughout the region. This war of reprisals and retaliation forced Shawnee and Delaware villages to move ever farther north of the Kaanseenseepiiwi. Eventually, they were invited to build villages along the Taawaawa Siipiiwi, mostly to the west of the two Myaamia villages, which had been located there for generations (see the map below). The Myaamia village on the west bank of the Kociihsasiipi was the oldest and known by the name Kiihkayonki. Its twin across the river was usually called Miamitown or Le Gris Town, after it’s leading chief. However, because of the importance of Kiihkayonki, Myaamia people across time have tended to refer to the whole area around the confluence of the Taawaawa Siipiiwi as Kiihkayonki.<a href="https://myaamiahistory.wordpress.com/2014/03/31/the-mihsi-maalhsa-wars-part-ii/#_edn1" style="color: #557799; text-decoration: none;" title="">[1]</a></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">
<span id="more-1316"></span></div>
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1319" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: #f3f3f3; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 95.5%; padding-top: 4px; text-align: center; width: 470px;">
<a href="https://myaamiahistory.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/image-1-myaamionki.jpg" style="color: #557799; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Image 1 (Myaamionki)" class="size-large wp-image-1319" height="344" originalh="344" originalw="460" scale="3" src-orig="https://myaamiahistory.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/image-1-myaamionki.jpg?w=460&h=344" src="https://myaamiahistory.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/image-1-myaamionki.jpg?w=1293&h=969" style="border: 0px none; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 98%; padding: 0px;" width="460" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" style="line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;">
This map of Myaamionki shows the position of many Myaamia villages around 1790. The area in shaded box marked 1 is shown with more detail in the map below. The blue “Mihši-maalhsa” oval represents the approximate area within which Americans were building settlements. Base map by Joshua Sutterfield, annotations by the author.</div>
</div>
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1320" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: #f3f3f3; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 95.5%; padding-top: 4px; text-align: center; width: 470px;">
<a href="https://myaamiahistory.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/image-2-kiihkayonki-area.jpg" style="color: #557799; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Image 2 (Kiihkayonki area)" class="size-large wp-image-1320" height="344" originalh="344" originalw="460" scale="3" src-orig="https://myaamiahistory.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/image-2-kiihkayonki-area.jpg?w=460&h=344" src="https://myaamiahistory.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/image-2-kiihkayonki-area.jpg?w=1293&h=969" style="border: 0px none; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 98%; padding: 0px;" width="460" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" style="line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;">
Inset map from shaded box marked 1 above. The three blue diamonds near the center of the map are, left to right, the Myaamia villages of the Kineepikwameekwa Siipiiwi (headwaters), Kiihkayonki, and Miamitown. The 3 red squares are, from top to bottom, an unnamed Delaware village, Chillicothe (Shawnee), and Piqua (Shawnee). The blue diamond in the west is the Nimacihsinwi village, and the red square in the northwest quadrant of the map is the Mihšiiwiateehi Siipiiwi village of Potawatomi and Myaamia, where most of the Kiihkayonki area Myaamia relocated at the beginning of Harmar’s attack.</div>
</div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">
By the late 1780s, a large contingent of Myaamia, Delaware, and Shawnee were living along the Taawaawa Siipiiwi and its feeder streams. For this reason, I’ll be referring to these allied peoples as the Taawaawa Siipiiwi villages (the Maumee River villages). On the last day of the Battle of Kiihkayonki, Potawatomi, Sauk, Meskwaki, and Ottawa men joined in the fight against the Mihši-maalhsa. However, the bulk of the men defending Kiihkayonki throughout the nine days of the battle were from the Myaamia, Shawnee, and Delaware villages on the Taawaawa Siipiiwi.</div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">
In this same period of time, the Congress of the United States passed the Northwest Ordinance (July of 1787). It is not clear if the people of the Taawaawa Siipiiwi were aware of this legislation. This ordinance laid out the young country’s long-term plans for the lands north of the Ohio. The U.S. claim to this land was based on the continued fiction that the British owned these lands and passed control to the Americans at the Treaty of Paris. President George Washington appointed Arthur St. Clair to be the first Governor of the Northwest Territory. From the American point of view, this territory included all the land that would eventually become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and a part of Minnesota. The perspective of the 1000’s of villages, located throughout this immense area, was decidedly different. In their view, these lands belonged to the people who lived on them.<a href="https://myaamiahistory.wordpress.com/2014/03/31/the-mihsi-maalhsa-wars-part-ii/#_edn2" style="color: #557799; text-decoration: none;" title="">[2]</a></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">
One of the most common myths perpetrated about indigenous Americans is that we had no sense of land ownership prior to European arrival. This falsehood is partly a product of the “noble savage” stereotype that paints us all as living in balance with nature and leaving no mark on the land. It is also a result of the perverse logic of the right of conquest, which argued that non-Christians had no legitimate legal claim to their homelands. The reality was quite different. For example, our Myaamia ancestors shaped their environment quite powerfully through the use of cultural fire. They regularly burned the prairies and forests throughout their homeland in order to produce the kind of environment they preferred. They also had a firm sense of control over the lands they shaped. Village sites and their surroundings were deemed under the control of the people of that village. Other groups could only move nearby at the invitation of the more established community. Over time, some river valleys and regions became associated with particular groups to such a strong level that an invitation was required even when a site was unoccupied. The most prominent example of this was when the Myaamia invited the Delaware to move to the Waapikamiiki (White River in Indiana) in the 1790s.<a href="https://myaamiahistory.wordpress.com/2014/03/31/the-mihsi-maalhsa-wars-part-ii/#_edn3" style="color: #557799; text-decoration: none;" title="">[3]</a></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">
It is true that Myaamia understandings of ownership were different from Europeans. Myaamia ownership was collective rather than based on the individual. Myaamia ownership was also based on use and physical control rather than abstract legal documentation and courtroom procedures. However, Myaamia people very quickly learned to understand European conceptions of land ownership. They knew full well what the Americans were demanding at the farcical treaties they negotiated in 1784, 1785, and 1786. When the newly appointed Governor of the Northwest Territory put out the call for another treaty in 1788, the Myaamia and other peoples fully resisted attending.<a href="https://myaamiahistory.wordpress.com/2014/03/31/the-mihsi-maalhsa-wars-part-ii/#_edn4" style="color: #557799; text-decoration: none;" title="">[4]</a></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">
From 1786 through 1788, the Myaamia, Shawnee, Delaware, and others were adamant that the Kaanseenseepiiwi (Ohio River) should be the boundary between the Mihši-maalhsa and the indigenous peoples living north of the river. Over and over again they repeated that there would be no new cession of land north of the Kaanseenseepiiwi. The only exception they offered was a willingness to consider the previous session of lands east of the Muskingum River, in the southeast corner of what would become the state of Ohio. This one concession was offered only if the Mihši-maalhsa would stop all other settlement north of the Kaanseenseepiiwi.<a href="https://myaamiahistory.wordpress.com/2014/03/31/the-mihsi-maalhsa-wars-part-ii/#_edn5" style="color: #557799; text-decoration: none;" title="">[5]</a></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #555555; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;">
In the winter of 1788, Governor Arthur St. Clair attempted to negotiate yet another treaty at Fort Harmar, at the confluence of the Muskingum River with the Kaanseenseepiiwi (Ohio River). This site is near today’s Marietta, Ohio (see image below). Leaders from the Myaamia villages and from their allies among the Shawnee and Delaware refused to attend. St. Clair and Secretary of War Henry Knox eventually used their failure to attend as a part of the justification for attacking their villages on the Taawaawa Siipiiwi.<a href="https://myaamiahistory.wordpress.com/2014/03/31/the-mihsi-maalhsa-wars-part-ii/#_edn6" style="color: #557799; text-decoration: none;" title="">[6]</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-6928961445559349082016-06-16T03:35:00.001-04:002016-06-16T03:37:15.266-04:00IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY IS FOUNDATION OF UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION<div><br></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-FleRcFR67FQ/V2JXKhmZx1I/AAAAAAAAcrw/IMbU0_YbUUQ/s640/blogger-image--1577212881.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-FleRcFR67FQ/V2JXKhmZx1I/AAAAAAAAcrw/IMbU0_YbUUQ/s640/blogger-image--1577212881.jpg"></a></div><br>
http://fnx.org/blog/iroquois-confederacy-foundation-united-states-constitution<br>
<br>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-51723954206909345082016-05-30T15:22:00.001-04:002016-05-30T15:31:51.507-04:00The Law of Adoption: A Time for Change<h1 class="title" style="-webkit-hyphens: manual; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1em; max-width: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal;">Adoption is often classified under one umbrella with the assumption that all adoptions are the same. In reality, adoptions are not the same and in some situations are not even similar. Adoption statutes vary by state and individual situations can be affected by the race of the child and even by the </span><a href="safari-reader://www.studentpulse.com/keyword/religion" title="View 22 other articles with tag 'Religion'" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(65, 110, 210); max-width: 100%; text-decoration: none;">religion</a><span style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal;"> of the birth mother. If no two adoptions are the same, how can something so complex be categorized under one, broad term? It cannot, and therefore, the best interest of the child in a particular case may not be the same in the case of another child. For this reason, the decision to receive identifying information relative to the child’s adoption should be the adoptee’s decision when they reach the age of majority.</span></h1><div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-DfT3VCEAFmI/V0yVGhcz2dI/AAAAAAAAcrY/GaSJUJ7iYeY/s640/blogger-image-331802030.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-DfT3VCEAFmI/V0yVGhcz2dI/AAAAAAAAcrY/GaSJUJ7iYeY/s640/blogger-image-331802030.jpg"></a></div><br>
<a href="http://www.adoptionbirthmothers.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/free-adoption-records-1-e1458344763818.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.adoptionbirthmothers.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/free-adoption-records-1-e1458344763818.jpg</a></div><div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;"><br></div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
The definition of adoption is to take and rear as one’s own child, specifically by a formal legal act. However, there is no legal definition of adoption. For a long time, adoption did not even require legal agreements or judicial approval, and adoption was simply an informal agreement between two families. In the early 1900s, states began creating laws in order to ensure judicial involvement in these private agreements. Adoption has generally occurred with children born out of wedlock and when the families could not take care of the children. The origins of adoption stem from protecting the child from growing up with a stigma they may face due to the circumstances of their birth, but it seems that was as much to protect the mother and birth family as much as it was about the child.</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
Adoption is often viewed positively by society and has many benefits such as loving families that care for and raise their adopted children as if they were their own and giving them opportunities for better lives. However, adoption also has negative implications including emotional and psychological problems for the child. The adopted child may feel a sense of abandonment and copes either by clinging on to people and relationships in an unconscious attempt to prevent anyone else from abandoning them, or by pushing people away because they feel that it is better not to care and that way when a person leaves they do not experience the sense of hurt and abandonment. In a society that preaches phrases such as “blood is thicker than water” and stresses the importance of being able to rely on family, who is there for a child of adoption to lean on since their family is not blood?</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
As Betty Jean Lifton says in her book <span style="max-width: 100%;">The Search</span>, “adoptees view the policy of confidentiality as a euphemism for putting everyone’s rights over their own, although as babies they had no say in the transaction”(Wegar, 1997). Every time an important decision that could affect the adoptees life came up, they had no say in it. Whether or not they live with their biological parent; who they ultimately live with and are raised by; whether or not they can see identifying information; whether or not they receive their medical history; all these decisions are being made for them, so at what point should it become their decision?</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
When a child is born and brought up in their biological family, he or she knows where they came from, and can ask any and all questions about the family’s heritage and medical history that may arise during childhood. By contrast, when a child is adopted, they often grow up not knowing where they came from and not having information about their biological family’s background or medical history. The adopted child usually desires information and may ask questions that their adoptive parents likely do not have the answers to. In taking away the rights of an adoptive child from knowing this information, society is saying that these children are inferior to those children who are not adopted. An adopted child should have the same rights as any other child and those rights include their right of knowledge of family background and medical history.</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
Some studies have found that many adoptees are ashamed and embarrassed by their adoptive status and overwhelmed by feelings of being “unfinished” or “imperfect.” Often times these feelings are unintentionally supported by the adoptive parents telling adoptees that they do not have to tell people they are adopted and that it is a private matter. The desire to know precisely why they were placed for adoption and whether they had been loved and wanted are key determinants in whether or not a child searches for their birth parents (Mabry & Kelly, 2006).</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
Birth mothers often argue they have a constitutional right to privacy and that their personal information should never be released to the adoptee. However, the right to privacy is not an absolute right and birth mothers should lose some amount of their privacy rights when it comes to placing a child for adoption. If the birth mother decided to keep the child, privacy would not be an issue because the child would know their mother; therefore, she does not have the right to privacy of that same child just because she decided to place the child for adoption. As a consequence of their choices, sex offenders lose their right to privacy at conviction and when they have to register on the sex offender registry board, public figures lose most of their rights to privacy when they become famous, and a birth parent should lose some of their rights to privacy when they put a child up for adoption.</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
Birth mothers often want assurances from adoption agencies and the courts that their identities will remain confidential. Often times they receive this assurance, the records are sealed, and it is noted that the child does not have the right to receive identifying information when they reach the age of majority. However, the right to privacy as it stands in the Constitution, is a right to privacy from governmental intrusion, not a right to privacy from one’s own flesh and blood. Birth mothers often wants this right to privacy because they want to be free from the fear that the child might resurface and reveal their secret to the public, family, and friends who may not have known about the adoptee’s existence. These birth mothers are looking for a chance to not have to deal with the consequences of their actions, something everyone has to do every day of their lives. The birth mothers are looking for a way to not have to deal with the consequences of their actions, but they should have to deal with them, especially when there are many benefits for the adopted child who had no say in the adoption decision.</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
Another reason birth mothers should not have an ultimate say in whether the adoptee receives identifying information is they are human and can change their mind. Many birth mothers decide years after the birth of the child that they do want to know the child and may like to have a relationship with the child. Many mothers who put their children up for adoption are under the age of 25, which means they do not have a fully developed brain. They also cannot fully rationalize the situation due to hormonal changes and are in the midst of emotional turmoil, all of which create a situation in which the mother should not be making such a drastic, life-altering decision for both her and the child.</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
In response, many birth mothers and activists suggest voluntary mutual consent adoption registries. These registries are either passive or active, active being the more effective of the two. Active registries require staff and trained, certified intermediaries to conduct searches, make contacts, and facilitate reunions (Mabry & Kelly, 2006). However, these adoption registries only work if both parties are open to a reunion and are willing to be found. Most adoptees that seek to unseal their records do so because of their inability to gain any information from the birth mother’s desire to remain anonymous. Although these registries have worked for some people, many feel these registries do not help in finding people who do not want to be found, resulting in a waste of time and sometimes money.</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
The long term social, emotional and psychological effects to the birth child should take precedent over the birth mother’s desire to keep the child a secret. There are many reasons why a birth mother might desire to keep her pregnancy and choice to place the child up for adoption a secret, but there are also many reasons why the child needs to know the particulars of their adoption. “The primal wound is the devastation which the infant feels because of separation from its natural mother. It is the deep and consequential feeling of abandonment which the baby adoptee feels after the adoption and which continues for the rest of his life” (Verrier, 1993).</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
The adoptee has a personal need to know where they came from, to understand the circumstances of the adoption, or often times the child will grow up feeling abandoned and will always feel inadequate. It is a true psychological problem for adoptees not to know the background information of their adoption, therefore, giving reason to why the child deserves the option to see their adoption record and also to seek out their birth parent to ask questions. There are many things the birth parents know that the papers will never tell, ergo, leaving the child feeling empty without having a chance to contact their birth parents.</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
Social scientists have concluded that as adoptees grow and develop their own identities, many need information about their past to fully develop their identity. Some adoptees have an overpowering desire and need to know the circumstances of their birth and adoption, as well as whether their parents looked like them physically. Often, an adoptee’s ability to develop self-esteem is intertwined with his or her need to know this information (Mabry & Kelly, 2006).</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
Many children are placed for adoption due to pregnancy out of wedlock or the parent being too young to properly raise the child. In those instances, as well as, with any adoption in Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Delaware, D.C., Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, New Hampshire, Nebraska, North Carolina, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin where medical history disclosure is not required, adoptees do not have any medical information, which could be pertinent to their health or the health of their children if they choose to have them.</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
When a birth parent is young, important medical history such as alcoholism and cancer may not be known. With a predisposition to either of those, an adopted child may choose to change their lifestyle accordingly. However, for adoptees with no medical history, they do not have the knowledge and therefore do not have a chance to change their lifestyle. Also, some biological diseases only appear every few generations and the adoptee may be a carrier. The adoptee needs their family medical history in order to better assess whether or not they are a carrier of a disease or are predisposed to certain diseases, both of which affect them as well as their future children and families. It is hardly reasonable to think that a birth mother’s right to privacy is more important than the health of the adoptee or their future children.</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
The movement to unseal adoption records began with Florence Fisher, an adoptee who publicized her twenty-year search for her birth mother. She openly criticized all who would not help her in her search, including lawyers, doctors, court clerks and hospital personnel. She received feedback from many adoptees sharing in her frustration, inciting her to organize Adoptee’s Liberty Movement Association (ALMA). The goal of ALMA was to “abolish the existing practice of sealed records… [and cause the] opening of records to any adopted person over eighteen who want, for any reason to see them.” ALMA filed a lawsuit against New York adoption agencies and state officials in 1977 alleging that New York’s sealed record statutes violated adoptee’s due process, equal protection and Thirteenth Amendment rights under the United States Constitution. The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit denied each claim (Mabry & Kelly, 2006).</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
ALMA was on track with this lawsuit, despite the Court of Appeals denial, in that in most states, the sealed record statutes do violate adoptees’ due process of law rights, in that adoptees have a due process right to personal information. Other arguments in support of ALMA’s case and adoptee’s rights is their Ninth Amendment right to know their identity- an element that is essential in their personhood and their capacity to become psychologically stable. Also sealed records violate an adoptee’s equal rights protection because they are the only group that cannot access or obtain this information freely. Also, some adoptees have argued that like a due process right, they have a First Amendment right to receive personal information. The problem does not lie in these arguments, which have all been unsuccessful in court, but lies in the high standard of proof necessary to unseal adoption records (Mabry & Kelly, 2006).</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
In most states, the standard of proof for unsealing adoption records must contain one or a combination of the following: exceptional circumstances, a compelling need, cause, good cause or to promote the child’s wellbeing (Mabry & Kelly, 2006). The standard of proof in other court situations, for example medical malpractice, is much easier to achieve than the standard of proof for unsealing adoption records. Yet, unsealing adoption records is to benefit the adoptee, an innocent person in this situation, while medical malpractice lawsuits often will ruin a doctor’s reputation, if successful, and are many times, unfounded claims. If a person can so easily sue another person, ruining their reputation and possibly even their career over an unavoidable situation, an adoptee should be able to obtain information that is pertinent to their health, mental wellbeing, and psychological wellbeing. This is information about themselves, for what is a child but a bi-product of their parents.</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
As of 2006, the most successful movement for unsealing adoption records occurred in 1998 when Bastard Nation, an activist adoption group, launched Measure 58- a ballot initiative in the state of Oregon to make “unaltered, original and unamended” birth certificates available to adoptees who were twenty-one or older. It also required that the same filing fees, waiting periods and procedures that non-adopted Oregonians faced should also apply to adoptees that sought their birth certificates. Bastard Nation initiated Measure 58 because it believed adoption records should be available to adoptees without condition or restriction. A majority of Oregonians voted to adopt the law, amid controversy (Mabry and Kelly, 2006).</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
Seven birth mothers filed a class action that challenged Measure 58 on constitutional grounds. They alleged that they were assured of privacy and confidentiality when they placed their children for adoption between 1960 and 1994, of which they expected a continuation of this privacy and anonymity until they decided otherwise. Due to these appeals, the enactment of the law was postponed until May of 2000. However, during that time, the state of Tennessee enacted legislation that allowed adoptees to receive their birth certificate, which was also challenged in the courts. Ultimately, Measure 58 was upheld because it did not violate the Oregon or United States Constitutions. The Tennessee legislation was also enacted, after the appeals court denied the legislation and the Supreme Court of Tennessee overruled and enacted the legislation concluding that it did not violate the birth mother’s right to privacy under the Tennessee Constitution (Mabry & Kelly, 2006).</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
Recommendations to solve the issue of sealed adoption records include the release of medical history or the release of original birth certificates, rather than releasing all the information in the adoptee’s file. The release of medical history is only one aspect and, although it is a step in the right direction, would not help with the psychological, emotional and social growth of the child. The automatic disclosure of birth certificates to adult adoptees is a possible avenue that has been addressed in some states and has been successfully passed. In Alabama, Alaska, Kansas, New Hampshire, Oregon, and Tennessee adoptees must wait until they are 18-21 years of age, depending on the state, to receive their birth certificate, but once they reach the age of majority, they have automatic right to their original birth certificate.</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
The best possible measure would be to unseal adoption records and give the adoptee access to their complete adoption record when they reach the age of majority. This would be the most effective way of dealing with all the issues that adoptees face. In allowing full disclosure, adoptees would have the option to contact their birth parents to search for background information. The adoptee could then obtain answers to questions they need answers to before they can move on with their lives. They could obtain their biological family’s medical history, and other information they may want or need. It would also give the adoptee and birth parents the opportunity to form a relationship. It has been found that many years later, birth parents desire to meet and form relationships with the children they had placed for adoption.</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
What seems even more important than the “to search or not to search” question is the right of every adoptee who so wishes to know his or her background (Krementz, 2003). The issue of the acquisition of information to adoptees is as strong as ever. In a society that preaches free speech and freedom of information from the government, it is not fair that individuals are able to keep any information about themselves a secret from their own flesh and blood. Birth mothers argue that they are entitled to a level of privacy; however, that privacy is forfeited once they made the decision to have a child.</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
There are other solutions that if agreed upon by both parties would provide a middle of the road compromise to meet the needs of the birth family and the adoptee. Release of birth certificates only, a questionnaire with any and all necessary information, and private meetings that do not involve anyone other than the birth parents and child could be considered. The best thing the courts can do is give the child the information they are entitled to, their background information. Adoptees need to have access to their biological families’ medical history, their background information, and all other information pertaining to their adoption in order to grow and mature healthily. With new policies and statutes in place, such as this or statutes similar to what is seen in Tennessee, it could be possible to solve many of the problems that are present with both adoptees and their birth parents.</div>
<hr style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); border: 0px; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; height: 0.5px; max-width: 100%;">
<strong style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">References</strong><span style="background-color: #fbfbfb; color: #1b1b1b; font-size: 18px;"></span><br>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
DeWoody, M. (1993). <em style="max-width: 100%;">Adoption and disclosure</em>. Washington, D.C.: Child Welfare League of America, Inc.</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
Leavy, M.L., & Weinberg, R.D. (1979). <em style="max-width: 100%;">Law of adoption</em>. Dobbs Ferry, NY : Oceana Publications, Inc.</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
Lifton, B.J. (1994). <em style="max-width: 100%;">Journey of the adopted self</em>. New York, NY: Basic Books.</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
Mabry, C.R., & Kelly, L. (2006). <em style="max-width: 100%;">Adoption law: theory, policy, and practice</em>. Buffalo, NY: William S. Hein & Co., Inc.</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
Verrier, N.N. (1997). <em style="max-width: 100%;">The Primal wound: understanding the adopted child</em>. Baltimore, MD: Gateway Press, Inc.</div>
<div style="color: #1b1b1b; font-family: -apple-system-font; font-size: 18px; max-width: 100%;">
Wegar, Katarina (1997). <em style="max-width: 100%;">Adoption, identity, and kinship: the debate over sealed birth records</em>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</div>
Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-15697536836136268602016-03-20T14:19:00.003-04:002016-03-20T14:20:47.480-04:00R1b DNA...http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml<br />
<br />
<div class="desktop" id="headimg" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: black; border-spacing: 0px; color: #454545; font-family: arial, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 14px; margin: 0em; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-center; width: 768px;">
<a href="http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/" style="color: #2d3f49;"><img align="center" alt="Eupedia Genetics" border="0" height="100" src="http://cache.eupedia.com/images/design/eu-genetics.jpg" width="974" /></a></div>
<hr class="low" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: #999999; border: 0px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); color: #999999; font-family: arial, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 14px; height: 3px; margin: 0px; text-align: -webkit-center; visibility: hidden;" />
<div class="center" id="desktop" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #454545; font-family: arial, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 14px; text-align: center;">
<ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5573000462293124" data-ad-region="TopPage" data-ad-slot="4932182704" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="display: inline-block; height: 90px; width: 728px;"><ins id="aswift_0_expand" style="border: none; display: inline-table; height: 90px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 728px;"><ins id="aswift_0_anchor" style="border: none; display: block; height: 90px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 728px;"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="90" hspace="0" id="aswift_0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_0" scrolling="no" style="left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px;" vspace="0" width="728"></iframe></ins></ins></ins></div>
<hr class="low" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: #999999; border: 0px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); color: #999999; font-family: arial, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 14px; height: 3px; margin: 0px; text-align: -webkit-center; visibility: hidden;" />
<table id="main" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: white; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: arial, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; margin: 0em; padding: 0px; width: 974px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="color: #454545; font-size: 14px;"><table id="main-guide" style="border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0em; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 974px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="navi" style="color: #454545; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: top; width: 180px;"><table id="nav-180" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(46, 62, 69); display: inline-table; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, arial, geneva; margin: 0em; width: 180px;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-color: #2e3e45; border-right-style: none; color: white; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 13px; padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;">DNA Tutorials</th></tr>
<tr><td style="font-family: arial, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; padding: 0px;"><ul class="no" style="color: #454545; font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; list-style-position: inside; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0em;">
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/dna_tutorials.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Video Tutorials @ DNA</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/interesting_facts_genetics.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Facts about Genetics</a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><th style="background-color: #2e3e45; border-right-style: none; color: white; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 13px; padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;">Y-DNA haplogroups</th></tr>
<tr><td style="font-family: arial, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; padding: 0px;"><ul class="no" style="color: #454545; font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; list-style-position: inside; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0em;">
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_E1b1b_Y-DNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup E1b1b</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_G2a_Y-DNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup G2a</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_I1_Y-DNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup I1</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_I2_Y-DNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup I2</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_J1_Y-DNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup J1</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_J2_Y-DNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup J2</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_N1c_Y-DNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup N1c</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_Q_Y-DNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup Q</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1a_Y-DNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup R1a</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup R1b</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_T_Y-DNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup T</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/famous_y-dna_by_haplogroup.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Famous Y-DNA</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/european_y-dna_haplogroups.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Y-DNA by country</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/maps_Y-DNA_haplogroups.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Y-DNA Maps</a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><th style="background-color: #2e3e45; border-right-style: none; color: white; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 13px; padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;">MtDNA haplogroups</th></tr>
<tr><td style="font-family: arial, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; padding: 0px;"><ul class="no" style="color: #454545; font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; list-style-position: inside; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0em;">
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_H_mtDNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup H</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_HV_mtDNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup HV</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_I_mtDNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup I</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_J_mtDNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup J</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_K_mtDNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup K</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_T_mtDNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup T</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_U2_mtDNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup U2</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_U3_mtDNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup U3</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_U4_mtDNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup U4</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_U5_mtDNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup U5</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_U6_mtDNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup U6</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_V_mtDNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup V</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_W_mtDNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup W</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_X_mtDNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroup X</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/european_mtdna_haplogroups_frequency.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">MtDNA by country</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/maps_mtdna_haplogroups.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">MtDNA Maps</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/24801-Medical-conditions-and-risk-factors-associated-with-mtDNA-haplogroups" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Diseases linked to mtDNA</a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><th style="background-color: #2e3e45; border-right-style: none; color: white; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 13px; padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;">Regional history</th></tr>
<tr><td style="font-family: arial, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; padding: 0px;"><ul class="no" style="color: #454545; font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; list-style-position: inside; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0em;">
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/britain_ireland_dna.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Britain & Ireland DNA</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/benelux_france_dna_project.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">France & Benelux DNA</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/italian_dna.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Italy DNA</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/spain_portugal_dna.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Spain & Portugal DNA</a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><th style="background-color: #2e3e45; border-right-style: none; color: white; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 13px; padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;">Autosomal DNA</th></tr>
<tr><td style="font-family: arial, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; padding: 0px;"><ul class="no" style="color: #454545; font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; list-style-position: inside; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0em;">
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/autosomal_maps_dodecad.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Autosomal admixture maps</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/HLA-A_allele_frequencies_by_country.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">HLA-A by country</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/HLA-DR_allele_frequencies_by_country.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">HLA-DR by country</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/HLA-DR_distribution_maps.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">HLA-DR Maps</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/31911-SNPs-linked-to-HLA-DR-types-in-Europeans-Caucasians" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">SNPs of HLA-DR types</a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><th style="background-color: #2e3e45; border-right-style: none; color: white; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 13px; padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;">Other DNA pages</th></tr>
<tr><td style="font-family: arial, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; padding: 0px;"><ul class="no" style="color: #454545; font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; list-style-position: inside; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0em;">
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/ancient_european_dna.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Ancient DNA</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/european_haplogroups_timeline.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Haplogroups timeline</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/medical_dna_test.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Medical DNA</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/neolithic_europe_map.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Migration maps</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/origins_of_red_hair.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Origins of red hair</a></li>
<li class="hl" style="color: black; float: center; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/forum/showthread.php?t=25236" style="color: #2d3f49; text-decoration: none;">Royal DNA</a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /><br /><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5573000462293124" data-ad-slot="6898883103" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="display: inline-block; height: 600px; width: 160px;"><ins id="aswift_1_expand" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; display: inline-table; height: 600px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 160px;"><ins id="aswift_1_anchor" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; display: block; height: 600px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 160px;"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="600" hspace="0" id="aswift_1" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_1" scrolling="no" style="left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px;" vspace="0" width="160"></iframe></ins></ins></ins><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5573000462293124" data-ad-slot="6898883103" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="display: inline-block; height: 600px; width: 160px;"><ins id="aswift_2_expand" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; display: inline-table; height: 600px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 160px;"><ins id="aswift_2_anchor" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; display: block; height: 600px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 160px;"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="600" hspace="0" id="aswift_2" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_2" scrolling="no" style="left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px;" vspace="0" width="160"></iframe></ins></ins></ins></td><td class="content" style="color: #454545; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: top; width: 784px;"><table id="crumbs" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0em; padding: 0px; width: 790px;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #2e3e45; border-right-width: 0px; color: white; font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; padding: 3px;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/" style="color: white;">Eupedia Home</a> > <a href="http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/" style="color: white;">Genetics</a> > <a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/origins_haplogroups_europe.shtml" style="color: white;">Haplogroups (home)</a> > Haplogroup R1b</td></tr>
<tr><th style="background-color: #2b5b6f; border-right-width: 0px; color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', arial, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><h1 class="hbc" style="font-size: 25px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; text-shadow: none !important;">
Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)</h1>
</th><th style="background-color: #2b5b6f; border-right-width: 0px; color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', arial, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;" width="35"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroupe_R1b_ADN-Y.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49;"><img alt="Version française" border="0" height="16" src="http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/french.gif" title="Version française" width="24" /></a></th></tr>
</tbody></table>
<img align="center" alt="Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) - Eupedia" border="0" src="http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/hg-r1b.jpg" width="790" /><div id="text-wide" style="clear: both; vertical-align: top; width: 784px;">
<table id="blue" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(23, 114, 152); margin: 8px 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-color: #177298; border-right-style: none; color: white; font-size: 15px; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top;">Contents</th></tr>
<tr><td style="font-size: 12px; padding: 8px;"><div id="text-narrow" style="clear: both; float: left; vertical-align: top; width: 364px;">
<ul class="no" style="color: #454545; font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; list-style-position: inside; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0em;">
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#distribution" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;"><b>1. Geographic distribution</b></a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#R1b-subclades" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;"><b>2. Subclades</b></a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#history" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;"><b>3. Origins & History</b></a></li>
<ul style="line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#origins" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">Paleolithic origins</a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#Neolithic" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">Neolithic cattle herders</a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#Africa" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">The Levantine & African branch (V88)</a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#Indo-European" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">The Pontic-Caspian Steppe & the Indo-Europeans</a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#Maykop" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">The Maykop culture, the R1b link to the steppe ?</a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#migration_map" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">R1b migration map</a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#Asian" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">The Siberian & Central Asian branch</a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#European" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">The European & Middle Eastern branch</a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#Old_Europe" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">The conquest of "Old Europe"</a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#Western_Europe" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">The conquest of Western Europe</a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#IE-invasion" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">IE invasion vs acculturation</a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#L21" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">The Atlantic Celtic branch (L21)</a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#DF27" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">The Gascon-Iberian branch (DF27)</a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#S28-U152" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">The Italo-Celtic branch (S28/U152)</a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#S21-U106" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">The Germanic branch (S21/U106)</a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#R1b-conquest" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">How did R1b become dominant ?</a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#Greco-Anatolian" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">The Balkanic & Asian branch (Z2103)</a></li>
<ul style="line-height: 18.200000762939453px; list-style-type: circle;">
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#Andronovo" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">Asian branch</a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#Anatolian" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">Balkano-Anatolian branch</a></li>
</ul>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#1200BCE" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">The upheavals ca 1200 BCE</a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#migrations" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;">Other migrations of R1b</a></li>
</ul>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#lactase_persistence" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;"><b>4. Lactase persistence and R1b cattle pastoralists</b></a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#pigmentation" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;"><b>5. R1 populations & light pigmentation</b></a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#mtDNA" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;"><b>6. MtDNA correspondence</b></a></li>
<li class="square" style="color: #353535; float: center; list-style-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/square.gif); padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml#famous_people" style="color: #2d3f49; font-size: 15px;"><b>7. Famous R1b individuals</b></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="ads" style="clear: right; float: right; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; width: 344px;">
<div style="color: #454545; font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span class="s" style="font-family: helvetica, verdana, tahoma, geneva; font-size: 12px;"><b>Author: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/maciamo" style="color: #2d3f49;" target="_blank">Maciamo</a></b>.<br />Last update July 2015 (updated 'conquest of Western Europe')</span><br /><br /><br /><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5573000462293124" data-ad-region="TopPage" data-ad-slot="9852349503" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="display: inline-block; height: 280px; width: 336px;"><ins id="aswift_3_expand" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; display: inline-table; height: 280px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 336px;"><ins id="aswift_3_anchor" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; display: block; height: 280px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 336px;"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="280" hspace="0" id="aswift_3" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_3" scrolling="no" style="left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px;" vspace="0" width="336"></iframe></ins></ins></ins></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<a href="" id="distribution" name="distribution"></a></div>
<h2 class="high" style="background-color: #2b5b6f; color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; padding: 3px;">
Geographic distribution</h2>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<b>Distribution of haplogroup R1b in Europe</b></div>
<img alt="Distribution of haplogroup R1b in Europe" border="0" src="http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/content/Haplogroup_R1b-borders.png" title="Distribution of haplogroup R1b in Europe" width="780" /><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
R1b is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe, reaching over 80% of the population in Ireland, the Scottish Highlands, western Wales, the Atlantic fringe of France, the Basque country and Catalonia. It is also common in Anatolia and around the Caucasus, in parts of Russia and in Central and South Asia. Besides the Atlantic and North Sea coast of Europe, hotspots include the Po valley in north-central Italy (over 70%), Armenia (35%), the Bashkirs of the Urals region of Russia (50%), Turkmenistan (over 35%), the Hazara people of Afghanistan (35%), the Uyghurs of North-West China (20%) and the Newars of Nepal (11%). R1b-V88, a subclade specific to sub-Saharan Africa, is found in 60 to 95% of men in northern Cameroon.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<a href="" id="distribution_world" name="distribution_world"></a></div>
<h3 style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">
Distribution map of haplogroup R1b in the Old World</h3>
<a class="lightbox" href="http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/content/Haplogroup_R1b_World.png" style="color: #2d3f49;" title="Distribution map of haplogroup R1b in the Old World (Eurasia and Africa)"><img align="center" alt="Distribution map of haplogroup R1b in the Old World (Eurasia and Africa) - Eupedia" border="2" src="http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/content/Haplogroup_R1b_World.png" title="Distribution map of haplogroup R1b in the Old World (Eurasia and Africa) - Eupedia" width="780" /></a><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<a href="" id="R1b-subclades" name="R1b-subclades"></a></div>
<h2 class="high" style="background-color: #2b5b6f; color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; padding: 3px;">
Subclades</h2>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
Here is a schematic tree of the principal R1b subclades. Please refer to the <a class="o" href="http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/external.jpg); background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #6a4657; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" target="_blank"><b>International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG)</b></a> for the full tree with all the SNP's and the latest nomenclature.</div>
<img align="center" alt="Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) - Eupedia" border="0" src="http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/content/R1b-tree.gif" title="Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) - Eupedia" width="780" /><h4 style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">
Click on the trees below to enlarge</h4>
<div id="half-left" style="clear: left; float: left; vertical-align: top; width: 392px;">
<a class="lightbox" href="http://cache.eupedia.com/images/design/R1b-L21-tree.png" style="color: #2d3f49;" title="Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R1b-L21/M52 (Y-DNA)"><img align="center" alt="Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R1b-L21/M529 (Y-DNA) - Eupedia" border="0" src="http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/R1b-L21-tree.png" title="Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R1b-L21/M529 (Y-DNA) - Eupedia" width="375" /></a><br /><a class="lightbox" href="http://cache.eupedia.com/images/design/R1b-DF27-tree.png" style="color: #2d3f49;" title="Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R1b-DF27/S250 (Y-DNA)"><img align="center" alt="Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R1b-DF27/S250 (Y-DNA) - Eupedia" border="0" src="http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/R1b-DF27-tree.png" title="Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R1b-DF27/S250 (Y-DNA) - Eupedia" width="375" /></a></div>
<div id="half-right" style="clear: right; float: right; vertical-align: top; width: 392px;">
<a class="lightbox" href="http://cache.eupedia.com/images/design/R1b-S28-tree.png" style="color: #2d3f49;" title="Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R1b-S28/U152 (Y-DNA)"><img align="center" alt="Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R1b-S28/U152 (Y-DNA) - Eupedia" border="0" src="http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/R1b-S28-tree.png" title="Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R1b-S28/U152 (Y-DNA) - Eupedia" width="375" /></a><br /><a class="lightbox" href="http://cache.eupedia.com/images/design/R1b-S21-tree.png" style="color: #2d3f49;" title="Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R1b-S21/U106 (Y-DNA)"><img align="center" alt="Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R1b-S21/U106 (Y-DNA) - Eupedia" border="0" src="http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/R1b-S21-tree.png" title="Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R1b-S21/U106 (Y-DNA) - Eupedia" width="375" /></a></div>
<div id="text-wide" style="clear: both; vertical-align: top; width: 784px;">
</div>
<br /><br /><br /><div class="desktop">
<ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5573000462293124" data-ad-region="BottomPage" data-ad-slot="5732761507" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="display: inline-block; height: 90px; width: 728px;"><ins id="aswift_4_expand" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; display: inline-table; height: 90px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 728px;"><ins id="aswift_4_anchor" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; display: block; height: 90px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 728px;"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="90" hspace="0" id="aswift_4" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_4" scrolling="no" style="left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px;" vspace="0" width="728"></iframe></ins></ins></ins></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<a href="" id="history" name="history"></a></div>
<h2 class="high" style="background-color: #2b5b6f; color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; padding: 3px;">
Origins & History</h2>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<a href="" id="origins" name="origins"></a></div>
<h2 class="b-high" style="background-color: #eeeeee; color: #3e6487; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">
Paleolithic mammoth hunters</h2>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
Haplogroup R* originated in North Asia just before the Last Glacial Maximum (26,500-19,000 years ago). This haplogroup has been identified in the remains of a 24,000 year-old boy from the Altai region, in south-central Siberia (<a class="o" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12736.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/external.jpg); background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #6a4657; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" target="_blank">Raghavan et al. 2013</a>). This individual belonged to a tribe of <b>mammoth hunters</b> that may have roamed across Siberia and parts of Europe during the Paleolithic. Autosomally this Paleolithic population appears to have contributed mostly to the ancestry of modern Europeans and South Asians, the two regions where haplogroup R also happens to be the most common nowadays (R1b in Western Europe, R1a in Eastern Europe, Central and South Asia, and R2 in South Asia).</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
The oldest forms of R1b (M343, P25, L389) are found dispersed at very low frequencies from Western Europe to India, a vast region where could have roamed the nomadic R1b hunter-gatherers during the Ice Age. The three main branches of R1b1 (R1b1a, R1b1b, R1b1c) all seem to have stemmed from the Middle East. The southern branch, R1b1c (V88), is found mostly in the Levant and Africa. The northern branch, R1b1a (P297), seems to have originated around the Caucasus, eastern Anatolia or northern Mesopotamia, then to have crossed over the Caucasus, from where they would have invaded Europe and Central Asia. R1b1b (M335) has only been found in Anatolia.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<a href="" id="Neolithic" name="Neolithic"></a></div>
<h2 class="b-high" style="background-color: #eeeeee; color: #3e6487; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">
Neolithic cattle herders</h2>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
It has been hypothetised that R1b people (perhaps alongside neighbouring J2 tribes) were the first to <b>domesticate cattle</b> in northern Mesopotamia some 10,500 years ago. R1b tribes descended from mammoth hunters, and when mammoths went extinct, they started hunting other large game such as bisons and aurochs. With the increase of the human population in the Fertile Crescent from the beginning of the Neolithic (starting 12,000 years ago), selective hunting and culling of herds started replacing indiscriminate killing of wild animals. The increased involvement of humans in the life of aurochs, wild boars and goats led to their progressive taming. Cattle herders probably maintained a nomadic or semi-nomadic existence, while other people in the Fertile Crescent (presumably represented by haplogroups E1b1b, G and T) settled down to cultivate the land or keep smaller domesticates.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
The analysis of bovine DNA has revealed that all the taurine cattle (Bos taurus) alive today descend from a population of only 80 aurochs. The earliest evidence of cattle domestication dates from circa 8,500 BCE in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic cultures in the Taurus Mountains. The two oldest archaeological sites showing signs of cattle domestication are the villages of Çayönü Tepesi in southeastern Turkey and Dja'de el-Mughara in northern Iraq, two sites only 250 km away from each others. This is presumably the area from which R1b lineages started expanding - or in other words the "original homeland" of R1b.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
The early R1b cattle herders would have split in at least three groups. One branch (M335) remained in Anatolia, but judging from its extreme rarity today wasn't very successful, perhaps due to the heavy competition with other Neolithic populations in Anatolia, or to the scarcity of pastures in this mountainous environment. A second branch migrated south to the Levant, where it became the V88 branch. Some of them searched for new lands south in Africa, first in Egypt, then colonising most of northern Africa, from the Mediterranean coast to the Sahel. The third branch (P297), crossed the Caucasus into the vast Pontic-Caspian Steppe, which provided ideal grazing grounds for cattle. They split into two factions: R1b1a1 (M73), which went east along the Caspian Sea to Central Asia, and R1b1a2 (M269), which at first remained in the North Caucasus and the Pontic Steppe between the Dnieper and the Volga. It is not yet clear whether M73 actually migrated across the Caucasus and reached Central Asia via Kazakhstan, or if it went south through Iran and Turkmenistan. In the latter case, M73 might not be an Indo-European branch of R1b, just like V88 and M335.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
R1b-M269 (the most common form in Europe) is closely associated with the diffusion of Indo-European languages, as attested by its presence in all regions of the world where Indo-European languages were spoken in ancient times, from the Atlantic coast of Europe to the Indian subcontinent, which comprised almost all Europe (except Finland, Sardinia and Bosnia-Herzegovina), Anatolia, Armenia, European Russia, southern Siberia, many pockets around Central Asia (notably in Xinjiang, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan), without forgetting Iran, Pakistan, northern India and Nepal. The history of R1b and R1a are intricately connected to each others.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<a href="" id="Africa" name="Africa"></a></div>
<h2 class="b-high" style="background-color: #eeeeee; color: #3e6487; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">
The Levantine & African branch of R1b (V88)</h2>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
Like its northern counterpart (R1b-M269), R1b-V88 is associated with the domestication of cattle in northern Mesopotamia. Both branches of R1b probably split soon after cattle were domesticated, approximately 10,500 years ago (8,500 BCE). R1b-V88 migrated south towards the Levant and Egypt. The migration of R1b people can be followed archeologically through the presence of domesticated cattle, which appear in central Syria around 8,000-7,500 BCE (late Mureybet period), then in the Southern Levant and Egypt around 7,000-6,500 BCE (e.g. at Nabta Playa and Bir Kiseiba). Cattle herders subsequently spread across most of northern and eastern Africa. The Sahara desert would have been more humid during the <a class="o" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Subpluvial" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/external.jpg); background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #6a4657; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" target="_blank">Neolithic Subpluvial period</a> (c. <a href="tel:7250-3250" style="color: #2d3f49;">7250-3250</a> BCE), and would have been a vast savannah full of grass, an ideal environment for cattle herding.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
Evidence of cow herding during the Neolithic has shown up at Uan Muhuggiag in central Libya around 5500 BCE, at the Capeletti Cave in northern Algeria around 4500 BCE. But the most compelling evidence that R1b people related to modern Europeans once roamed the Sahara is to be found at <a class="o" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/external.jpg); background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #6a4657; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" target="_blank">Tassili n'Ajjer</a> in southern Algeria, a site famous pyroglyphs (rock art) dating from the Neolithic era. Some painting dating from around 3000 BCE depict fair-skinned and blond or auburn haired women riding on cows.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
After reaching the Maghreb, R1b-V88 cattle herders could have crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to Iberia, probably accompanied by G2 farmers, J1 and T1a goat herders and native Maghreban E-M81 lineages. These Maghreban Neolithic farmers/herders could have been the ones who established the <a class="o" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Almagra_pottery" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/external.jpg); background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #6a4657; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" target="_blank">Almagra Pottery culture</a> in Andalusia in the 6th millennium BCE.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
Nowadays small percentages (1 to 4%) of R1b-V88 are found in the Levant, among the Lebanese, the Druze, and the Jews, and almost in every country in Africa north of the equator. Higher frequency in Egypt (5%), among Berbers from the Egypt-Libya border (23%), among the Sudanese <a class="o" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/external.jpg); background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #6a4657; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" target="_blank">Copts</a> (15%), the <a class="o" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_people" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/external.jpg); background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #6a4657; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" target="_blank">Hausa people</a> of Sudan (40%), the the <a class="o" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/external.jpg); background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #6a4657; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" target="_blank">Fulani people</a> of the Sahel (54% in Niger and Cameroon), and Chadic tribes of northern Nigeria and northern Cameroon (especially among the <a class="o" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirdi" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/external.jpg); background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #6a4657; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" target="_blank">Kirdi</a>), where it is observed at a frequency ranging from 30% to 95% of men. According to <a class="o" href="http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v18/n7/abs/ejhg2009231a.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/external.jpg); background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #6a4657; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" target="_blank">Cruciani et al. (2010)</a> R1b-V88 would have crossed the Sahara between 9,200 and 5,600 years ago, and is most probably associated with the diffusion of Chadic languages, a branch of the Afroasiatic languages. V88 would have migrated from Egypt to Sudan, then expanded along the Sahel until northern Cameroon and Nigeria. However, R1b-V88 is not only present among Chadic speakers, but also among Senegambian speakers (Fula-Hausa) and Semitic speakers (Berbers, Arabs).</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
R1b-V88 is found among the native populations of Rwanda, South Africa, Namibia, Angola, Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Ivory Coast, Guinea-Bissau. The wide distribution of V88 in all parts of Africa, its incidence among herding tribes, and the coalescence age of the haplogroup all support a Neolithic dispersal. In any case, a later migration out of Egypt would be improbable since it would have brought haplogroups that came to Egypt during the Bronze Age, such as J1, J2, R1a or R1b-L23.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
The maternal lineages associated with the spread of R1b-V88 in Africa are mtDNA haplogroups J1b, U5 and V, and perhaps also U3 and some H subclades (=> see <a href="http://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/29401-Retracing-the-mtDNA-haplogroups-of-the-original-R1b-people" style="color: #2d3f49;">Retracing the mtDNA haplogroups of the original R1b people</a>).</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<a href="" id="Indo-European" name="Indo-European"></a></div>
<h2 class="b-high" style="background-color: #eeeeee; color: #3e6487; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">
The North Caucasus and the Pontic-Caspian steppe : the Indo-European link</h2>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
Modern linguists have placed the Proto-Indo-European homeland in the Pontic-Caspian Steppe, a distinct geographic and archeological region extending from the Danube estuary to the Ural mountains to the east and North Caucasus to the south. The Neolithic, Eneolithic and early Bronze Age cultures in Pontic-Caspian steppe has been called the <a class="o" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan_culture#Kurgan_culture" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/external.jpg); background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #6a4657; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" target="_blank">Kurgan culture</a>(<a href="tel:4200-2200" style="color: #2d3f49;">4200-2200</a> BCE) by <a class="o" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/external.jpg); background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #6a4657; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" target="_blank">Marija Gimbutas</a>, due to the lasting practice of burying the deads under mounds ("kurgan") among the succession of cultures in that region. <a href="http://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/28632-More-evidence-that-the-PIE-R1b-people-originated-in-the-Maykop-culture" style="color: #2d3f49;" target="_blank">It is now known</a> that kurgan-type burials only date from the 4th millenium BCE and almost certainly originated south of the Caucasus. The genetic diversity of R1b being greater around eastern Anatolia, it is hard to deny that R1b evolved there before entering the steppe world. </div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
Horses were first domesticated around 4600 BCE in the Caspian Steppe, perhaps somewhere around the Don or the lower Volga, and soon became a defining element of steppe culture. Nevertheless it is unlikely that R1b was already present in the eastern steppes at the time, so the domestication of the horse should be attributed to the indigenous <a href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1a_Y-DNA.shtml" style="color: #2d3f49;">R1a people</a>.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
It is not yet entirely clear when R1b crossed over from eastern Anatolia to the Pontic-Caspian steppe. This might have happened with the appearance of the <a class="o" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper-Donets_culture" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/external.jpg); background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #6a4657; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" target="_blank">Dnieper-Donets culture</a> (c. <a href="tel:5100-4300" style="color: #2d3f49;">5100-4300</a> BCE). This was the first truly Neolithic society in the Pontic-Caspian Steppe. Domesticated animals (cattle, sheep and goats) were herded throughout the steppes and funeral rituals were elaborate. Sheep wool would play an important role in Indo-European society, notably in the Celtic and Germanic (R1b branches of the Indo-Europeans) clothing traditions up to this day. However, many elements indicate a continuity in the Dnieper-Donets culture with the previous Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, and at the same time an influence from the Balkans and Carpathians, with regular imports of pottery and copper objects. It is therefore more likely that Dnieper-Donets marked the transition of indigenous R1a and/or I2a1b people to early agriculture, perhaps with an influx of Near Eastern farmers from 'Old Europe'. Mitochondrial DNA sequences from Dnieper-Donets culture showed clear similarities with those of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture in the Carpathians (haplogroups H, T and U3).</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
The first clearly Proto-Indo-European culture was <a class="o" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sredny_Stog" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/external.jpg); background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #6a4657; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" target="_blank">Sredny Stog</a> (<a href="tel:4600-3900" style="color: #2d3f49;">4600-3900</a> BCE), when small kurgan burials begin to appear, with the distinctive posturing of the dead on the back with knees raised and oriented toward the northeast, which would be found in later steppe cultures as well. There is evidence of population blending from the variety of skull shapes. Towards the end of the 5th millennium, an elite starts to develop with cattle, horses and copper used as status symbols.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
Another migration across the Caucasus happened shortly before 3700 BCE, when the <a class="o" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maykop_culture" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/external.jpg); background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #6a4657; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" target="_blank">Maykop culture</a>, the world's first Bronze Age society, suddenly materialized in the north-west Caucasus, apparently out of nowhere. The origins of Maykop are still uncertain, but archeologists have linked it to contemporary Chalcolithic cultures in Assyria and western Iran. Archeology also shows a clear diffusion of bronze working and kurgan-type burials from the Maykop culture to the Pontic Steppe, where the <a class="o" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamna" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/external.jpg); background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #6a4657; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" target="_blank">Yamna culture</a> developed soon afterwards (from 3500 BCE). Kurgan (a.k.a. tumulus) burials would become a dominant feature of ancient Indo-European societies and were widely used by the Celts, Romans, Germanic tribes, and Scythians, among others.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
The Yamna period (<a href="tel:3500-2500" style="color: #2d3f49;">3500-2500</a> BCE) is the most important one in the creation of Indo-European culture and society. Middle Eastern R1b people had been living and blending to some extent with the local R1a foragers and herders for over a millennium, perhaps even two or three. The close cultural contact and interactions between R1a and R1b people all over the Pontic-Caspian Steppe resulted in the creation of a common vernacular, a new lingua franca, which linguists have called Proto-Indo-European (PIE). It is pointless to try to assign another region of origin to the PIE language. Linguistic similarities exist between PIE and Caucasian and Hurrian languages in the Middle East on the one hand, and Uralic languages in the Volga-Ural region on the other hand, which makes the Pontic Steppe the perfect intermediary region.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
During the Yamna period cattle and sheep herders adopted wagons to transport their food and tents, which allowed them to move deeper into the steppe, giving rise to a new mobile lifestyle that would eventually lead to the great Indo-European migrations. This type of mass migration in which whole tribes moved with the help of wagons was still common in Gaul at the time of Julius Caesar, and among Germanic peoples in the late Antiquity.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
The Yamna horizon was not a single, unified culture. In the south, along the northern shores of the Black Sea coast until the the north-west Caucasus, was a region of open steppe, expanding eastward until the Caspian Sea, Siberia and Mongolia (the Eurasian Steppe). The western section, between the Don and Dniester Rivers (and later the Danube), was the one most densely settled by R1b people, with only a minority of R1a people (5-10%). The eastern section, in the Volga basin until the Ural mountains, was inhabited by R1a people with a substantial minority of R1b people (whose descendants can be found among the Bashkirs, Turkmans, Uyghurs and Hazaras, among others). The northern part of the Yamna horizon was forest-steppe occupied by R1a people, also joined by a small minority of R1b (judging from modern Russians and Belarussians, the frequency of R1b was from seven to nine times less lower than R1a). The western branch would migrate to the Balkans and Greece, then to central and Western Europe, and back to their ancestral Anatolia in successive waves (Hittites, Phrygians, Armenians, etc.). The eastern branch would migrate to Central Asia, Xinjiang, Siberia, and South Asia (Iran, Pakistan, India). The northern branch would evolve into the Corded Ware culture and disperse around the Baltic, Poland, Germany and Scandinavia.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<a href="" id="Maykop" name="Maykop"></a></div>
<h3 class="r" style="color: #993333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">
The Maykop culture, the R1b link to the steppe ?</h3>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
The Maykop culture (<a href="tel:3700-2500" style="color: #2d3f49;">3700-2500</a> BCE) in the north-west Caucasus was culturally speaking a sort of southern extension of the Yamna horizon. Although not generally considered part of the Pontic-Caspian steppe culture due to its geography, the North Caucasus had close links with the steppes, as attested by numerous ceramics, gold, copper and bronze weapons and jewelry in the contemporaneous cultures of <a class="o" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Mikhaylovka_group" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/external.jpg); background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #6a4657; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" target="_blank">Mikhaylovka</a>, Sredny Stog and <a class="o" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi_Oba_culture" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/external.jpg); background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #6a4657; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" target="_blank">Kemi Oba</a>. The link between the northern Black Sea coast and the North Caucasus is older than the Maykop period. Its predecessor, the Svobodnoe culture (<a href="tel:4400-3700" style="color: #2d3f49;">4400-3700</a> BCE), already had links to the Suvorovo-Novodanilovka and early Sredny Stog cultures. The even older Nalchik settlement (<a href="tel:5000-4500" style="color: #2d3f49;">5000-4500</a> BCE) in the North Caucasus displayed a similar culture as <a class="o" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://cdn.eupedia.com/images/design/external.jpg); background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #6a4657; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" target="_blank">Khvalynsk</a> on the Volga. This may be the period when R1b started interracting and blending with the R1a population of the steppes.</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif, verdana, 'neue helvetica', helvetica, tahoma, geneva; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
The Yamna and Maykop people both used kurgan burials, placing their deads in a supine position with raised knees and oriented in a north-east/south-west axis. Graves were sprinkled with red ochre on the floor, and sacrificed domestic animal buried alongside humans. They also had in common horses, wagons, a heavily cattle-based economy with a minority of sheep kept for their wool, use of copper/bronze battle-axes (both hammer-axes and sleeved axes) and tanged daggers. In fact, the oldest wagons and bronze artefacts are found in the North Caucasus, and appe</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-71929145960680882142016-01-11T02:55:00.001-05:002016-01-11T02:56:23.796-05:00Symmes purchase records : ...<div>https://familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=112986&disp=Symmes+purchase+records</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-FG9ZbDgUdpU/VpNgDLbJ4HI/AAAAAAAAcpc/8oh2iGNkINo/s640/blogger-image--2003028595.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-FG9ZbDgUdpU/VpNgDLbJ4HI/AAAAAAAAcpc/8oh2iGNkINo/s640/blogger-image--2003028595.jpg"></a></div><br></div>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-10411342913805395102016-01-11T02:49:00.001-05:002016-01-11T02:52:35.815-05:00Early Ohio Settlers: Purchasers of Land in Southwestern Ohio, 1800-1840
By Ellen T. Berry, David A. Berry<div><br></div><div>https://books.google.ca/books?id=4dV_9phIzQwC&pg=PP7&lpg=PP7&dq=%22symmes+purchase%22&source=bl&ots=fg5kPKR-WS&sig=BJermqO57qibWPLbGgCOA8dvrbA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwid1uvbl6HKAhVM8CYKHdbSCRUQ6AEIKjAF#v=onepage&q=%22symmes%20purchase%22&f=false</div><div><br></div><div>Page 2 of 4</div><div><br></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-QqX29cMt0Iw/VpNeoClt0xI/AAAAAAAAcpI/zECwo-EAua8/s640/blogger-image-655062398.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-QqX29cMt0Iw/VpNeoClt0xI/AAAAAAAAcpI/zECwo-EAua8/s640/blogger-image-655062398.jpg"></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-X-98K59Dst0/VpNfQiO3tcI/AAAAAAAAcpQ/Aw4ZAnBb62Y/s640/blogger-image-1279658884.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-X-98K59Dst0/VpNfQiO3tcI/AAAAAAAAcpQ/Aw4ZAnBb62Y/s640/blogger-image-1279658884.jpg"></a></div><br></div></div>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-51700694610575925592016-01-11T02:42:00.001-05:002016-01-11T02:47:04.177-05:00World Library - Symmes (orig Wikipedia Source? Or visa versa?)<div><br></div><div>http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/symmes_purchase</div><div><br></div><div><table id="sitemain" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="max-width: 100%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; position: relative; clear: both; font-size: 13px; left: 0px; text-align: center; width: 940px; margin: auto; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><tbody><tr id="RowHeader"><td><div class="siteHeaderUserControl" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"><div id="group" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative; float: left; clear: both; text-align: right; z-index: 100; top: 0px; width: 940px; vertical-align: bottom;"><div class="hMenuGrp2Table" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; height: auto;"><div class="headerTop" align="top" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="max-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; width: 940px; height: 75px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="left" style="width: 500px;"><a id="ctl00_siteHeader_hldefault" href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/Home" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><img src="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/App_Themes/wpl-mem/images/logo.jpg" id="ctl00_siteHeader_LogoImage" align="left" alt="World Library" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"></font></a></td><td width="5px"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></font></td><td valign="top" align="right"><div class="headlinks" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; line-height: 15px; padding-right: 2px; top: -5px; min-width: 242px; width: 288px;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/Login" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">My Account</a> | <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/Register" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Register</a> | <a class="headlinks" href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/Help" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; line-height: 15px; padding-right: 2px; top: -5px;">Help</a> </span></font><div id="google_translate_element" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; height: 24px;"><div class="skiptranslate goog-te-gadget" dir="ltr" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"><div id=":0.targetLanguage" class="goog-te-gadget-simple" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(155, 155, 155) rgb(213, 213, 213) rgb(232, 232, 232); outline: 0px; margin: 0px; display: inline-block; padding-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 2px; cursor: pointer; zoom: 1; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><img src="https://www.google.com/images/cleardot.gif" class="goog-te-gadget-icon" style="border: none; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 2px; width: 19px; height: 19px; vertical-align: middle; background-image: url(http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/favicon.ico) !important; background-position: 0px 0px !important; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat !important;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="goog-te-menu-value" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 4px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;">Select Language</span><img src="https://www.google.com/images/cleardot.gif" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 2px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="border-width: 0px 0px 0px 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(187, 187, 187); outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"></span><img src="https://www.google.com/images/cleardot.gif" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 2px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;">▼</span></a></span></font></div></div></div><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></font></div><div id="mainheadertabstrip" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; float: right; padding-top: 13px; width: auto; height: auto;"><ul style="padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; float: right;"><li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: block; float: left;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/Profile" class="greyboxlogin " style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; display: block; padding: 5px 10px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">My Dashboard</span></font></a></li><li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: block; float: left;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/Ebook-Submit" class="greyboxlogin " style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; display: block; padding: 5px 10px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Get Published</span></font></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="headerBarContainer" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; height: auto;"><div id="jsDisabledContent" class="headerBar" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative; z-index: 10; min-height: 50px; clear: both;"><ul id="headerNav" class="ui-menu ui-widget ui-widget-content ui-corner-all" role="menu" tabindex="0" style="padding: 2px; background-image: url(http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/App_Themes/default/css/header_cupertino/images/ui-bg_highlight-hard_100_f2f5f7_1x100.png); border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(214, 214, 214); outline: none; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; list-style: none; border-top-left-radius: 6px; border-top-right-radius: 6px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat;"><li class="ui-menu-item" role="presentation" style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7); float: left; display: block; zoom: 1; margin: 5px !important; width: auto !important; padding: 0px !important;"><a id="ctl00_siteHeader_RptHeaderNav_ctl00_linkMenu" href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/Default.aspx" class="ui-corner-all" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; border-top-left-radius: 6px; border-top-right-radius: 6px; border-bottom-left-radius: 6px; border-bottom-right-radius: 6px; float: left; display: block; clear: both; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0.4em; line-height: 1.5; min-height: 0px;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Home</span></font></a></li><li class="ui-menu-item" role="presentation" style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7); float: left; display: block; zoom: 1; margin: 5px !important; width: auto !important; padding: 0px !important;"><a id="ctl00_siteHeader_RptHeaderNav_ctl01_linkMenu" href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/CollectionCatalog.aspx?CatalogId=2" aria-haspopup="true" class="ui-corner-all" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; border-top-left-radius: 6px; border-top-right-radius: 6px; border-bottom-left-radius: 6px; border-bottom-right-radius: 6px; float: left; display: block; clear: both; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0.4em; line-height: 1.5; min-height: 0px;"><span class="ui-menu-icon ui-icon ui-icon-carat-1-e" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; display: block; text-indent: -99999px; overflow: hidden; width: 16px; height: 16px; position: static; top: 0.2em; left: 0.2em; float: right; background-image: url(http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/App_Themes/default/css/header_cupertino/images/ui-icons_3d80b3_256x240.png) !important; margin-top: 0.3em !important; background-position: -32px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"></span><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Books</span></font></a></li><li class="ui-menu-item" role="presentation" style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7); float: left; display: block; zoom: 1; margin: 5px !important; width: auto !important; padding: 0px !important;"><a id="ctl00_siteHeader_RptHeaderNav_ctl02_linkMenu" href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/AdvancedSearch.aspx" class="ui-corner-all" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; border-top-left-radius: 6px; border-top-right-radius: 6px; border-bottom-left-radius: 6px; border-bottom-right-radius: 6px; float: left; display: block; clear: both; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0.4em; line-height: 1.5; min-height: 0px;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Search</span></font></a></li><li class="ui-menu-item" role="presentation" style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7); float: left; display: block; zoom: 1; margin: 5px !important; width: auto !important; padding: 0px !important;"><a id="ctl00_siteHeader_RptHeaderNav_ctl03_linkMenu" href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/view/members-support.aspx" aria-haspopup="true" class="ui-corner-all" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; border-top-left-radius: 6px; border-top-right-radius: 6px; border-bottom-left-radius: 6px; border-bottom-right-radius: 6px; float: left; display: block; clear: both; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0.4em; line-height: 1.5; min-height: 0px;"><span class="ui-menu-icon ui-icon ui-icon-carat-1-e" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; display: block; text-indent: -99999px; overflow: hidden; width: 16px; height: 16px; position: static; top: 0.2em; left: 0.2em; float: right; background-image: url(http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/App_Themes/default/css/header_cupertino/images/ui-icons_3d80b3_256x240.png) !important; margin-top: 0.3em !important; background-position: -32px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"></span><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Support</span></font></a></li><li class="ui-menu-item" role="presentation" style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7); float: left; display: block; zoom: 1; margin: 5px !important; width: auto !important; padding: 0px !important;"><a id="ctl00_siteHeader_RptHeaderNav_ctl04_linkMenu" href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/view/about-us.aspx" aria-haspopup="true" class="ui-corner-all" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; border-top-left-radius: 6px; border-top-right-radius: 6px; border-bottom-left-radius: 6px; border-bottom-right-radius: 6px; float: left; display: block; clear: both; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0.4em; line-height: 1.5; min-height: 0px;"><span class="ui-menu-icon ui-icon ui-icon-carat-1-e" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; display: block; text-indent: -99999px; overflow: hidden; width: 16px; height: 16px; position: static; top: 0.2em; left: 0.2em; float: right; background-image: url(http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/App_Themes/default/css/header_cupertino/images/ui-icons_3d80b3_256x240.png) !important; margin-top: 0.3em !important; background-position: -32px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"></span><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">About Us</span></font></a></li><li class="ui-menu-item" role="presentation" style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7); float: left; display: block; zoom: 1; margin: 5px !important; width: auto !important; padding: 0px !important;"><a id="ctl00_siteHeader_RptHeaderNav_ctl05_linkMenu" href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/eBook-submit.aspx" aria-haspopup="true" class="ui-corner-all" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; border-top-left-radius: 6px; border-top-right-radius: 6px; border-bottom-left-radius: 6px; border-bottom-right-radius: 6px; float: left; display: block; clear: both; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0.4em; line-height: 1.5; min-height: 0px;"><span class="ui-menu-icon ui-icon ui-icon-carat-1-e" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; display: block; text-indent: -99999px; overflow: hidden; width: 16px; height: 16px; position: static; top: 0.2em; left: 0.2em; float: right; background-image: url(http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/App_Themes/default/css/header_cupertino/images/ui-icons_3d80b3_256x240.png) !important; margin-top: 0.3em !important; background-position: -32px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"></span><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Get Published</span></font></a></li></ul></div></div></div><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span id="ctl00_siteHeader_lblDebugText" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"></span></font></div></div></td></tr><tr id="RowSearch"><td id="searchToolRow"><div id="search" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"><table id="ctl00_searchTbl" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="left" class="searchTool" style="max-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; margin-left: 0px; width: 940px;"><tbody><tr><td width="9px" valign="top" align="right"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></font></td><td align="left" class="headerSearchTool" style="width: auto; font-weight: 700; padding-left: 15px;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/CollectionLocal" title="Most Popular" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Most Popular</a> <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/RecentPublications" title="New Releases" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">New Releases</a> <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/TopPicks" title="Top Picks" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Top Picks</a> <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/BooksByAge" title="Top 25 Must Have Books by Age Category" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Kid 25's</a></span></font></td><td align="right" class="headerSearchTool" valign="middle" style="width: auto; font-weight: 700; padding-left: 15px;"><div id="jsDisabledContent" class="submit-basicsearch" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span id="ctl00_SearchTool1_searchLabel" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"></span> <span id="ctl00_SearchTool1_LblError" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"></span> </span></font><div class="inputCenter" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; display: inline-block; min-width: 395px; float: right; height: auto !important;"><span role="status" aria-live="polite" class="ui-helper-hidden-accessible" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: -1px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; width: 1px;"></span><input name="ctl00$SearchTool1$searchFilter" type="text" id="ctl00_SearchTool1_searchFilter" class="input ui-autocomplete-input" placeholder="eBook Finder..." autocomplete="off" style="margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 20px; border-color: rgb(169, 172, 176); outline: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; display: block; float: left; width: 300px !important; height: 25px !important;"><input id="btnSearch" type="submit" value="Search" class="submit-basicsearch ui-button ui-widget ui-state-default ui-corner-all" role="button" aria-disabled="false" style="margin-right: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; vertical-align: middle; font-weight: bold; outline: 0px; display: block; position: relative; cursor: pointer; overflow: visible; -webkit-appearance: button; float: right; margin-top: 2px !important; width: auto !important; background-image: none !important; border: 0px !important; padding: 5px 10px !important; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; height: auto !important; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat;"></div></div></td><td width="9px" valign="top"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></font></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr id="RowSpace"><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr id="topBorder"><td id="centerTop" class="headerCenterTop" style="vertical-align: bottom;"></td></tr><tr id="mastBodyRow"><td><div id="ctl00_pnlContentWrap" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"><div id="contentWrap" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"><table id="ctl00_bodyTable" bgcolor="white" width="100%" style="max-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" valign="top"><div id="bottomContentWrap" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"><div class="ScrollerDivWrapper" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; float: left; width: 938px;"><div class="adspaceRight" id="adspace" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; width: 175px; float: right;"><p style="margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;"><ins id="aswift_0_expand" style="display: inline-table; border: none; height: 600px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 160px;"><ins id="aswift_0_anchor" style="display: block; border: none; height: 600px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 160px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><iframe width="160" height="600" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" vspace="0" hspace="0" allowtransparency="true" scrolling="no" allowfullscreen="true" id="aswift_0" name="aswift_0" style="left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px;"></iframe></font></ins></ins></p><p style="margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;"><ins id="aswift_1_expand" style="display: inline-table; border: none; height: 600px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 160px;"><ins id="aswift_1_anchor" style="display: block; border: none; height: 600px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 160px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><iframe width="160" height="600" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" vspace="0" hspace="0" allowtransparency="true" scrolling="no" allowfullscreen="true" id="aswift_1" name="aswift_1" style="left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px;"></iframe></font></ins></ins></p></div><div id="content" class="content" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 180px 0px 0px; overflow: hidden;"><div id="blog" class="clearfix" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 758px;"><div class="container" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: -50px auto 0px; padding: 40px 40px 60px; top: -50px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; width: 95% !important;"><div id="sidebar" style="border-width: 1px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); outline: 0px; margin: 60px 0px 0px; padding-top: 60px; width: 216.015625px; min-height: 500px; float: right;"><div class="widget widget_search clearfix" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 60px; padding-left: 10px;"><div class="heading" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 1em;"><h5 style="text-align: center; margin: 0px 0px 20px; line-height: 20px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; outline: 0px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">CATEGORIES</span></font></h5></div><div class="suggestion suggestionParent" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1; padding: 0px; width: 380px; position: relative;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/article/WHEBN0000553025/Great%20Miami%20River" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; position: relative; display: block; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 5px;"><span class="suggestionImage" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; float: left; width: 120px;"><img src="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/imagerectangle/MiamiRivers_watershed.png" width="120px" alt="Great Miami River" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; float: left;"></span><span title="Great Miami River" class="suggestionTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; display: block; line-height: 1.2; max-height: 2.4em; overflow: hidden;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Great Miami River</span></font></span><span class="suggestionSubTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; display: block; line-height: 1.4em; width: 358.890625px;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif">Ohio, Ohio River, Sidney, Ohio, Indian Lake (Ohio), Russells Point, Ohio, Logan County, Ohio</font></span></span></a></div><div class="suggestion suggestionParent" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1; padding: 0px; width: 380px; position: relative;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/article/WHEBN0000022199/Ohio" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; position: relative; display: block; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 5px;"><span class="suggestionImage" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; float: left; width: 120px;"><img src="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/imagerectangle/DSCN4516_portconneautflag_e.jpg" width="120px" alt="Ohio" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; float: left;"></span><span title="Ohio" class="suggestionTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; display: block; line-height: 1.2; max-height: 2.4em; overflow: hidden;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Ohio</span></font></span><span class="suggestionSubTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; display: block; line-height: 1.4em; width: 358.890625px;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif">Columbus, Ohio, Lake Erie, Dayton, Ohio, Cincinnati, Toledo, Ohio, Canton, Ohio</font></span></span></a></div><div class="suggestion suggestionParent" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1; padding: 0px; width: 380px; position: relative;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/article/WHEBN0000093114/Hamilton%20County,%20Ohio" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; position: relative; display: block; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 5px;"><span class="suggestionImage" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; float: left; width: 120px;"><img src="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/imagerectangle/Cincinnati-800-broadway.jpg" width="120px" alt="Hamilton County, Ohio" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; float: left;"></span><span title="Hamilton County, Ohio" class="suggestionTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; display: block; line-height: 1.2; max-height: 2.4em; overflow: hidden;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Hamilton County, Ohio</span></font></span><span class="suggestionSubTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; display: block; line-height: 1.4em; width: 358.890625px;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif">Alexander Hamilton, Ohio, Indiana, Cleves, Ohio, Miami Township, Hamilton County, Ohio, Colerain Township, Hamilton County, Ohio</font></span></span></a></div><div class="suggestion suggestionParent" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1; padding: 0px; width: 380px; position: relative;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/article/WHEBN0000093135/Butler%20County,%20Ohio" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; position: relative; display: block; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 5px;"><span class="suggestionImage" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; float: left; width: 120px;"><img src="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/imagerectangle/Map_of_Butler_County_Ohio_With_Municipal_and_Township_Labels.PNG" width="120px" alt="Butler County, Ohio" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; float: left;"></span><span title="Butler County, Ohio" class="suggestionTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; display: block; line-height: 1.2; max-height: 2.4em; overflow: hidden;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Butler County, Ohio</span></font></span><span class="suggestionSubTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; display: block; line-height: 1.4em; width: 358.890625px;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif">Hamilton, Ohio, Richard Butler (general), Middletown, Ohio, Hamilton County, Ohio, Fairfield Township, Butler County, Ohio, United States</font></span></span></a></div></div><div class="widget widget_search clearfix" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 60px; padding-left: 10px;"><div class="heading" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 1em;"><h5 style="text-align: center; margin: 0px 0px 20px; line-height: 20px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; outline: 0px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">SUGGESTIONS</span></font></h5></div><div class="suggestion suggestionParent" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1; padding: 0px; width: 380px; position: relative;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/article/WHEBN0000022199/Ohio" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; position: relative; display: block; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 5px;"><span class="suggestionImage" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; float: left; width: 120px;"><img src="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/imagerectangle/5NationsExpansion.jpg" width="120px" alt="Ohio" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; float: left;"></span><span title="Ohio" class="suggestionTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; display: block; line-height: 1.2; max-height: 2.4em; overflow: hidden;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Ohio</span></font></span><span class="suggestionSubTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; display: block; line-height: 1.4em; width: 358.890625px;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif">Columbus, Ohio, Lake Erie, Dayton, Ohio, Cincinnati, Toledo, Ohio, Canton, Ohio</font></span></span></a></div><div class="suggestion suggestionParent" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1; padding: 0px; width: 380px; position: relative;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/article/WHEBN0000092132/Warren%20County,%20Ohio" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; position: relative; display: block; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 5px;"><span class="suggestionImage" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; float: left; width: 120px;"><img src="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/imagerectangle/WHEBN0000092132.jpg" width="120px" alt="Warren County, Ohio" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; float: left;"></span><span title="Warren County, Ohio" class="suggestionTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; display: block; line-height: 1.2; max-height: 2.4em; overflow: hidden;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Warren County, Ohio</span></font></span><span class="suggestionSubTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; display: block; line-height: 1.4em; width: 358.890625px;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif">Lebanon, Ohio, Carlisle, Ohio, Franklin, Ohio, Mason, Ohio, Franklin Township, Warren County, Ohio, Middletown, Ohio</font></span></span></a></div><div class="suggestion suggestionParent" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1; padding: 0px; width: 380px; position: relative;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/article/WHEBN0000093114/Hamilton%20County,%20Ohio" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; position: relative; display: block; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 5px;"><span class="suggestionImage" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; float: left; width: 120px;"><img src="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/imagerectangle/Cincinnati-800-broadway.jpg" width="120px" alt="Hamilton County, Ohio" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; float: left;"></span><span title="Hamilton County, Ohio" class="suggestionTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; display: block; line-height: 1.2; max-height: 2.4em; overflow: hidden;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Hamilton County, Ohio</span></font></span><span class="suggestionSubTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; display: block; line-height: 1.4em; width: 358.890625px;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif">Alexander Hamilton, Ohio, Indiana, Cleves, Ohio, Miami Township, Hamilton County, Ohio, Colerain Township, Hamilton County, Ohio</font></span></span></a></div><div class="suggestion suggestionParent" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1; padding: 0px; width: 380px; position: relative;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/article/WHEBN0000125569/Morristown,%20New%20Jersey" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; position: relative; display: block; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 5px;"><span class="suggestionImage" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; float: left; width: 120px;"><img src="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/imagerectangle/Morristown_smart_growth.jpg" width="120px" alt="Morristown, New Jersey" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; float: left;"></span><span title="Morristown, New Jersey" class="suggestionTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; display: block; line-height: 1.2; max-height: 2.4em; overflow: hidden;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Morristown, New Jersey</span></font></span><span class="suggestionSubTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; display: block; line-height: 1.4em; width: 358.890625px;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif">United States Census Bureau, Morris School District, The New York Times, Morris County, New Jersey, Daily Record (Morristown), New Jersey</font></span></span></a></div></div><div class="widget widget_search clearfix" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 60px; padding-left: 10px;"><div class="heading" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 1em;"><h5 style="text-align: center; margin: 0px 0px 20px; line-height: 20px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; outline: 0px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">RELATED BOOKS</span></font></h5></div><div class="suggestion suggestionParent" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1; padding: 0px; width: 380px; position: relative; max-height: none;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/eBooks/WPLBN0000649842.aspx" target="_top" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; position: relative; display: block; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 5px;"><span class="suggestionImage" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; float: left; width: 120px; height: auto;"><img src="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/img/members/penn_state_collection/psuecs/walden.jpg" width="120px" alt="Arithmetic" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; float: left;"></span><span title="Walden, Or Life in the Woods" class="suggestionTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; display: block; line-height: 1.2; max-height: 2.4em; overflow: hidden;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Walden, Or Life in the Woods</span></font></span><span class="suggestionSubTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; display: block; line-height: 1.4em; width: 358.890625px;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif">By: Henry David Thoreau</font></span></span><span class="suggestionSubTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; display: block; line-height: 1.4em; width: 358.890625px;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><br><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-weight: bold;">Full Text Search Details</span><br>... brance. As for a habitat, if I were not permitted still to squat, I might <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-weight: 700;">purchase</span> one acre at the same price for which the land I cultivated was sol... ...a store for several days. The fruits do not yield their true flavor to the <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-weight: 700;">purchaser</span>of them, nor to him who raises them for the market. There is but ... ...r. Yet do this even till you can do better, and you may perhaps find some “<span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-weight: 700;">Symmes</span>’ Hole” by which to get at the inside at last. England and France, Sp... </font></span></span></a></div><div class="suggestion suggestionParent" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1; padding: 0px; width: 380px; position: relative; max-height: none;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/eBooks/WPLBN0000660062.aspx" target="_top" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; position: relative; display: block; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 5px;"><span class="suggestionImage" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; float: left; width: 120px; height: auto;"><img src="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/img/members/penn_state_collection/psuecs/essays_rwe.jpg" width="120px" alt="Arithmetic" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; float: left;"></span><span title="Essays" class="suggestionTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; display: block; line-height: 1.2; max-height: 2.4em; overflow: hidden;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Essays</span></font></span><span class="suggestionSubTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; display: block; line-height: 1.4em; width: 358.890625px;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif">By: Ralph Waldo Emerson</font></span></span><span class="suggestionSubTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; display: block; line-height: 1.4em; width: 358.890625px;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><br><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-weight: bold;">Full Text Search Details</span><br>... how Roman his mien and manners! to live with him were life indeed, and no <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-weight: 700;">purchase</span> is too great; and heaven and earth are moved to that end. Well, Ge... ...afford us a platform whence we may com- mand a view of our present life, a <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-weight: 700;">purchase</span> by which we may move it. We fill ourselves with ancient learning, ... ...hese horrible regions are visited, find their way into countries where the <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-weight: 700;">purchaser</span> and consumer can hardly be ranked in one race with these cannibal... ...rday from Bagdat; here is Captain Friese, from Cape Turnagain; and Captain <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-weight: 700;">Symmes</span>, from the interior of the earth; and Monsieur Jovaire, who came down... </font></span></span></a></div><div class="suggestion suggestionParent" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1; padding: 0px; width: 380px; position: relative; max-height: none;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/eBooks/WPLBN0000700257.aspx" target="_top" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; position: relative; display: block; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 5px;"><span class="suggestionImage" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; float: left; width: 120px; height: auto;"><img src="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/img/members/djvu_collection/djeds/thoreau/walden/download.jpg" width="120px" alt="Arithmetic" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; float: left;"></span><span title="Walden Or, Life in the Woods" class="suggestionTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; display: block; line-height: 1.2; max-height: 2.4em; overflow: hidden;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Walden Or, Life in the Woods</span></font></span><span class="suggestionSubTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; display: block; line-height: 1.4em; width: 358.890625px;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif">By: Henry David Thoreau</font></span></span><span class="suggestionSubTitle" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; display: block; line-height: 1.4em; width: 358.890625px;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><br><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-weight: bold;">Full Text Search Details</span><br>...cumbrance. As for a habitat, if I were not permitted still to squat, I might <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-weight: 700;">purchase</span> one acre at the same price for which the land I cultivated was s... ...up a store for several days. The fruits do not yield their true flavor to the <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-weight: 700;">purchaser</span> of them, nor to him who raises them for the market. There is bu... ...ibar. Yet do this even till you can do better, and you may perhaps find some “<span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-weight: 700;">Symmes</span>’ Hole” by which to get at the inside at last. England and France, ... </font></span></span></a></div></div></div><div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; width: 504.0625px;"><div id="blog-header" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 80px 0px 100px;"><h1 style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; line-height: 40px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; outline: 0px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">SYMMES PURCHASE</span></font></h1><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span id="ctl00_CPH_bottomRow_lblDebugText" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"></span></font><div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; float: right;"><h6 style="margin: 0px; line-height: 20px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; outline: 0px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">HELP IMPROVE THIS ARTICLE</span></font></h6><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Sourced from World Heritage Encyclopedia™ licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" target="_top" rel="nofollow" alt="CC BY-SA 3.0" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">CC BY-SA 3.0</a> <br>Help to improve this article, make contributions at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmes%20Purchase?action=history" target="_top" rel="nofollow" alt="Citational Source" title="Citational Source" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Citational Source</a> <br><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;">883913</span></span></font></div></div><div class="blog-posts-content" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; width: 504.0625px; min-height: 100px; float: left; min-width: 475px;"><div class="blog-post" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; float: left;"></div><div class="post-content" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; width: 504.0625px; float: left;"><div class="post-slider" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"><div class="bx-wrapper" style="border: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); outline: 0px; margin: 0px auto 60px; position: relative; padding: 0px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0px 0px 5px; box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0px 0px 5px; max-width: 360px !important;"><div class="bx-viewport" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 283px; transform: translateZ(0px); width: 360px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; height: 360px;"><ul class="blog-slider" id="blog-slider" style="padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; width: 11574px; position: absolute; transition: 0.2s; -webkit-transition: 0.2s; transform: translate3d(-360px, 0px, 0px); margin-left: 0px !important;"><li id="sliderimg2" class="bx-clone" style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; float: left; position: relative; width: 360px;"><a href="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/imagefull/Land_Act_of_1785_section_numbering.png" rel="prettyPhoto[gallery]" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><img class="blogimg" src="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/imagesquare/Land_Act_of_1785_section_numbering.png" alt="" style="border: 0px; outline: rgb(0, 0, 0) solid 3px; margin: 0px; outline-offset: -2px; max-width: 100%; display: block;"></font></a></li><li id="sliderimg0" style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; float: left; position: relative; width: 360px;"><a href="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/imagefull/Hand_Map_of_Symmes.jpg" rel="prettyPhoto[gallery]" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><img class="blogimg" src="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/imagesquare/Hand_Map_of_Symmes.jpg" alt="" style="border: 0px; outline: rgb(0, 0, 0) solid 3px; margin: 0px; outline-offset: -2px; max-width: 100%; display: block;"></font></a></li><li id="sliderimg1" style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; float: left; position: relative; width: 360px;"><a href="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/imagefull/Ohio_Lands.svg" rel="prettyPhoto[gallery]" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><img class="blogimg" src="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/imagesquare/Ohio_Lands.svg" alt="" style="border: 0px; outline: rgb(0, 0, 0) solid 3px; margin: 0px; outline-offset: -2px; max-width: 100%; display: block;"></font></a></li><li id="sliderimg2" style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; float: left; position: relative; width: 360px;"><a href="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/imagefull/Land_Act_of_1785_section_numbering.png" rel="prettyPhoto[gallery]" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><img class="blogimg" src="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/imagesquare/Land_Act_of_1785_section_numbering.png" alt="" style="border: 0px; outline: rgb(0, 0, 0) solid 3px; margin: 0px; outline-offset: -2px; max-width: 100%; display: block;"></font></a></li><li id="sliderimg0" class="bx-clone" style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; float: left; position: relative; width: 360px;"><a href="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/imagefull/Hand_Map_of_Symmes.jpg" rel="prettyPhoto[gallery]" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><img class="blogimg" src="http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/imagesquare/Hand_Map_of_Symmes.jpg" alt="" style="border: 0px; outline: rgb(0, 0, 0) solid 3px; margin: 0px; outline-offset: -2px; max-width: 100%; display: block;"></font></a></li></ul></div><div class="bx-controls bx-has-controls-direction" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"><div class="bx-controls-direction" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"><a class="bx-prev" href="" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(http://cdn.worldheritage.org/css/images/controls.png); border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: -16px 0px 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; left: 10px; position: absolute; top: 50%; width: 32px; height: 32px; text-indent: -9999px; z-index: 9999; background-position: 0px -32px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Prev</span></font></a><a class="bx-next" href="" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(http://cdn.worldheritage.org/css/images/controls.png); border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: -16px 0px 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; right: 10px; position: absolute; top: 50%; width: 32px; height: 32px; text-indent: -9999px; z-index: 9999; background-position: -43px -32px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Next</span></font></a></div></div></div></div><h3 class="blog-title" style="line-height: 25px; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; outline: 0px; width: 504.0625px; padding-top: 10px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">SYMMES PURCHASE</span></font></h3><div class="blog-border" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: auto; height: 2px; width: 504.0625px; opacity: 0.8;"></div><div class="blog-content" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 35px 0px 20px;"><p style="margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px;"><span class="error" style="font-weight: 700;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span class="scribunto-error" id="mw-scribunto-error-0" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"></span></font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br></span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The <b style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;">Symmes Purchase</b>, also known as the <b style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;">Miami Purchase</b>, was an area of land in Southwestern <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Ohio" title="Ohio" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Ohio</a> in what is now <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Hamilton_County,_Ohio" title="Hamilton County, Ohio" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Hamilton</a>, <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Butler_County,_Ohio" title="Butler County, Ohio" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Butler</a>, and <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Warren_County,_Ohio" title="Warren County, Ohio" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Warren</a> Counties. It was purchased by Judge <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/John_Cleves_Symmes" title="John Cleves Symmes" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">John Cleves Symmes</a> of <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">New Jersey</a> from the <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Continental Congress</a>. In the 1780s, <span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;">Benjamin Stites</span>, a friend of Symmes', was visiting Limestone (now <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Maysville,_Kentucky" title="Maysville, Kentucky" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Maysville, Kentucky</a>), and had some of his horses stolen by <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Native Americans</a>. He pursued them through the wilderness of southwestern Ohio as far north as <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Xenia,_Ohio" title="Xenia, Ohio" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Xenia</a>. He was so impressed with the fertility of the country he informed Symmes of its prospects and Symmes gathered a syndicate, known as the <b style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;">Miami Company</b>, to buy the land.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The tract is bordered on the south by the <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Ohio River</a>, on the west by the <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Great_Miami_River" title="Great Miami River" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Great Miami River</a>, and on the east by the <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Little_Miami_River" title="Little Miami River" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Little Miami River</a>. The northern boundary runs through Butler and Warren Counties about twenty-five miles north of the Ohio River. Sections of Todhunter and Garver Roads in <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Monroe,_Ohio" title="Monroe, Ohio" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Monroe</a>, Monroe Road in <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Lebanon,_Ohio" title="Lebanon, Ohio" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Lebanon</a>, and Oregonia Road in <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Turtlecreek_Township,_Warren_County,_Ohio" title="Turtlecreek Township, Warren County, Ohio" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Turtlecreek Township</a> run along the boundary. </span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Unfortunately, the survey conducted by Symmes's men was done poorly, e.g. the surveyors used <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Magnetic_north" title="Magnetic north" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">magnetic north</a> rather than correcting for <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/True_north" title="True north" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">true north</a>. Further, Symmes sold much land that he did not own, some as far north as <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Dayton</a>, meaning some early settlers found themselves <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Squatter" title="Squatter" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">squatters</a> on the <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Public_domain_(land)" title="Public domain (land)" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">public domain</a>. Symmes also sold some land that he did own more than once.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The Symmes Purchase survey is the only one in the United States where the ranges run from north to south and the <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Township_(United_States)" title="Township (United States)" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">townships</a> from east to west. The section numbering is in accordance with the <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Land_Ordinance_of_1785" title="Land Ordinance of 1785" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Land Ordinance of 1785</a>. The survey here also was done to magnetic north rather than true north. Deeds in this area will refer to the <span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;">Between the Miami Rivers Survey</span>, M.Rs. and M.R.S. (M.R.S. is also used to describe the <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Congress_Lands_West_of_Miami_River" title="Congress Lands West of Miami River" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">"Miami River Survey"</a> a survey west of the <a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Great_Miami_River" title="Great Miami River" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Great Miami River</a>.</span></font></p><h2 style="text-align: center; margin: 30px 0px 10px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 40px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; outline: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif">SEE ALSO</font></span></h2><ul style="padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Ohio_lands" title="Ohio lands" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif">Ohio lands</font></a></li></ul><p style="margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span id="coordinates" class="metadata coord-missing" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; float: none; position: inherit; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"></span></font></p><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="max-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="max-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; overflow: visible; position: relative;"><ul style="padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"></ul></div><div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Ohio_Lands" title="Ohio Lands" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif">Ohio Lands</font></a></div></th></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 5px;"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Public_Land_Survey_System" title="Public Land Survey System" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif">Six-Mile<br>Rectangular<br>System Surveys</font></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding: 0px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 407px;"><div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Congress_Lands" title="Congress Lands" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Congress Lands</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Congress_Lands_North_of_Old_Seven_Ranges" title="Congress Lands North of Old Seven Ranges" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Congress Lands North of Old Seven Ranges</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Congress_Lands_West_of_Miami_River" title="Congress Lands West of Miami River" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Congress Lands West of Miami River</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Congress_Lands_East_of_Scioto_River" title="Congress Lands East of Scioto River" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Congress Lands East of Scioto River</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/North_and_East_of_the_First_Principal_Meridian" title="North and East of the First Principal Meridian" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">North and East of the First Principal Meridian</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/South_and_East_of_the_First_Principal_Meridian" title="South and East of the First Principal Meridian" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">South and East of the First Principal Meridian</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Michigan_Survey" title="Michigan Survey" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Michigan Survey</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Ohio_Company_of_Associates" title="Ohio Company of Associates" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Ohio Company of Associates</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Purchase_on_the_Muskingum" title="Purchase on the Muskingum" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Purchase on the Muskingum</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Old_Seven_Ranges" title="Old Seven Ranges" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Old Seven Ranges</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="selflink" style="font-weight: 700;">Symmes Purchase</span> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Toledo_Strip" title="Toledo Strip" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Toledo Strip</a></li></span></font></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 5px;"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Five-Mile<br>Rectangular<br>System Surveys</span></font></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding: 0px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 407px;"><div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Connecticut_Western_Reserve" title="Connecticut Western Reserve" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Connecticut Western Reserve</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Firelands" title="Firelands" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Firelands</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/United_States_Military_District" title="United States Military District" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">United States Military District</a></li></span></font></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 5px;"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Indiscriminate<br>Surveys</span></font></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding: 0px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 407px;"><div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/French_Grant" title="French Grant" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">French Grant</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Indian_Land_Grants" title="Indian Land Grants" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Indian Land Grants</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;">Moravian Indian Grants</span> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;">Gnadenhutten Tract</span> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;">Salem Tract</span> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;">Schoenbrunn Tract</span> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Donation_Tract" title="Donation Tract" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Donation Tract</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Twelve_Mile_Square_Reservation" title="Twelve Mile Square Reservation" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Twelve Mile Square Reservation</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Two_Mile_Square_Reservation" title="Two Mile Square Reservation" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Two Mile Square Reservation</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Zane%27s_Tracts" title="Zane's Tracts" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Zane's Tracts</a></li></span></font></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 5px;"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Metes_and_bounds" title="Metes and bounds" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">metes and bounds</a><br>Survey</span></font></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding: 0px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 407px;"><div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Virginia_Military_District" title="Virginia Military District" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif">Virginia Military District</font></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 5px;"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Land Grants</span></font></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding: 0px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 407px;"><div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Canal_Lands" title="Canal Lands" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Canal Lands</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Miami_%26_Erie_Canal_Lands" title="Miami & Erie Canal Lands" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Miami & Erie Canal Lands</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Ohio_%26_Erie_Canal_Lands" title="Ohio & Erie Canal Lands" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Ohio & Erie Canal Lands</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/College_Lands" title="College Lands" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">College Lands</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/College_Township" title="College Township" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">College Township</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Dohrman_Tract" title="Dohrman Tract" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Dohrman Tract</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Ephraim_Kimberly_Grant" title="Ephraim Kimberly Grant" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Ephraim Kimberly Grant</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;">Fort Washington</span> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Maumee_Road_Lands" title="Maumee Road Lands" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Maumee Road Lands</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Ministerial_Lands" title="Ministerial Lands" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Ministerial Lands</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Refugee_Tract" title="Refugee Tract" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Refugee Tract</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Salt_Reservations" title="Salt Reservations" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Salt Reservations</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><span style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;">School Lands</span> </li><li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Turnpike_Lands" title="Turnpike Lands" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Turnpike Lands</a></li></span></font></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 5px;"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Other</span></font></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding: 0px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 407px;"><div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historic regions of the United States" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Historic regions of the United States</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Scioto_Company" title="Scioto Company" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Scioto Company</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Northwest Territory</a> </li> <li style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Ohio Country</a></li></span></font></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 5px;"></td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 25px 0px 0px; width: 504.0625px;"><div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: center; float: right; padding-bottom: 10px;"><h6 style="margin: 0px; line-height: 20px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; outline: 0px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">HELP IMPROVE THIS ARTICLE</span></font></h6><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Sourced from World Heritage Encyclopedia™ licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" target="_top" rel="nofollow" alt="CC BY-SA 3.0" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">CC BY-SA 3.0</a> <br>Help to improve this article, make contributions at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmes%20Purchase?action=history" target="_top" rel="nofollow" alt="Citational Source" title="Citational Source" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">Citational Source</a></span></font></div></div><div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 75px 0px 0px; width: 504.0625px;"><div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: center; float: right;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">This article was sourced from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. World Heritage Encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, Open Access Publishing, and in compliance with The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR), Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Public Library of Science, The Encyclopedia of Life, Open Book Publishers (OBP), PubMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, and USA.gov, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (.gov, .mil, .edu). Funding for USA.gov and content contributors is made possible from the U.S. Congress, E-Government Act of 2002.</span></font></div><div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: center; float: right;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></font></div><div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: center; float: right;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Crowd sourced content that is contributed to World Heritage Encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles.</span></font></div><div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: center; float: right;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></font></div><div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: center; float: right;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. World Heritage Encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the World Public Library Association, a non-profit organization.</span></font></div><div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; text-align: center; float: right;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="bottomAd" class="ScrollerDivWrapper" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; float: left; width: 938px;"><p style="margin: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px;"><ins id="aswift_2_expand" style="display: inline-table; border: none; height: 90px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 728px;"><ins id="aswift_2_anchor" style="display: block; border: none; height: 90px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 728px; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><iframe width="728" height="90" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" vspace="0" hspace="0" allowtransparency="true" scrolling="no" allowfullscreen="true" id="aswift_2" name="aswift_2" style="left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px;"></iframe></font></ins></ins></p></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr id="mastFooterRow"><td><table width="100%" style="max-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td class="footerBarContainer" align="center"><div class="headerBar" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative; z-index: 10; min-height: 50px; clear: both;"><ul id="footerNav" class="ui-menu ui-widget ui-widget-content ui-corner-all" role="menu" tabindex="0" style="padding: 2px; background-image: url(http://read.images.worldlibrary.net/App_Themes/default/css/header_cupertino/images/ui-bg_highlight-hard_100_f2f5f7_1x100.png); border: 0px; outline: none; margin: auto; overflow: hidden; list-style: none; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; max-width: 475px; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat;"><li class="ui-menu-item" role="presentation" style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7); float: left; display: block; margin: 5px !important; width: auto !important; padding: 0px !important;"><a id="ctl00_siteFooter_RptHeaderNav_ctl00_linkMenu" href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/View/about-us.aspx" class="ui-corner-all" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; border-top-left-radius: 6px; border-top-right-radius: 6px; border-bottom-left-radius: 6px; border-bottom-right-radius: 6px; float: left; display: block; clear: both; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0.4em; line-height: 1.5; min-height: 0px;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">About Us</span></font></a></li><li class="ui-menu-item" role="presentation" style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7); float: left; display: block; margin: 5px !important; width: auto !important; padding: 0px !important;"><a id="ctl00_siteFooter_RptHeaderNav_ctl01_linkMenu" href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/View/privacy-policy_2.aspx" class="ui-corner-all" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; border-top-left-radius: 6px; border-top-right-radius: 6px; border-bottom-left-radius: 6px; border-bottom-right-radius: 6px; float: left; display: block; clear: both; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0.4em; line-height: 1.5; min-height: 0px;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Privacy Policy</span></font></a></li><li class="ui-menu-item" role="presentation" style="line-height: 20px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; list-style: none url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7); float: left; display: block; margin: 5px !important; width: auto !important; padding: 0px !important;"><a id="ctl00_siteFooter_RptHeaderNav_ctl02_linkMenu" href="http://www.worldlibrary.org/View/contact-us.aspx" class="ui-corner-all" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; border-top-left-radius: 6px; border-top-right-radius: 6px; border-bottom-left-radius: 6px; border-bottom-right-radius: 6px; float: left; display: block; clear: both; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0.4em; line-height: 1.5; min-height: 0px;"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Contact Us</span></font></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="foot2" style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 5px 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br><br>Copyright © 2016 World Public Library. All rights reserved. eBooks from World Public Library are sponsored by the <a href="http://worldlibrary.org/" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease; -webkit-transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, outline 0.3s ease;">World Public Library Association</a>, <br>a 501c(4) Member's Support Non-Profit Organization, and is NOT affiliated with any governmental agency or department.</font></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><br></div>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-53228732505813736492016-01-11T02:35:00.001-05:002016-01-11T02:38:15.003-05:00Hamilton County Recorder<div><br></div><div>http://recordersoffice.hamilton-co.org/about_the_recorder/history_of_our_land.html</div><div><br></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-NVZysILfVYg/VpNb5Zn9YzI/AAAAAAAAco8/TjQUY6yZbPc/s640/blogger-image-1565264132.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-NVZysILfVYg/VpNb5Zn9YzI/AAAAAAAAco8/TjQUY6yZbPc/s640/blogger-image-1565264132.jpg"></a></div><br></div><div><p><b class="header" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The History of our Land</b></p><p align="justify" style="text-align: start;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The Symmes Purchase, often called the Miami Purchase, is located in the southwestern corner of the state. It begins at the Ohio River and runs approximately 24 miles northward - between the Great Miami and Little Miami Rivers. The total land area is 311,682 acres including reserves.</span></p><p align="justify" style="text-align: start;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">John Cleves Symmes and his associates originally contracted for one million acres from the United States Board of Treasury in 1788. In 1792, however, Congress modified this contract, with Symmes' consent, because Congress did not want Symmes' tract to interfere with the boundary line established by the Treaty of Fort Harmar.</span></p><p align="justify" style="text-align: start;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">On September 13, 1794, President George Washington signed the US Patent (Deed) conveying to Symmes 248,250 acres plus a surveying township (23,040 acres), in trust, for an academy. The patent reserved: Fort Washington (15 acres), one square mile near the mouth of the Great Miami; and in each township the following sections: section 16 for schools, section 29 for religion, section 8, 11, and 26 for Congress's future use. Symmes paid $70,455 in public securities for 105,683 acres and used military bounty land warrants, totaling 95,250 acres, to acquire the remaining 142,857 acres. Because Congress allowed one-third of a dollar off for Bad Lands and incidental charges, Symmes actually paid two-thirds of a dollar per acre.</span></p><p align="justify" style="text-align: start;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">John Cleves Symmes conveyed the entire 3rd range of township, in trust, to Jonathan Dayton. Symmes did this because Dayton had acquired military bounty warrants from soldiers who desired to settle in the Western County, but could not afford a cash payment. The entire 3rd range is often called the Military Range in the records of Butler and Warren Counties.</span></p><p align="justify" style="text-align: start;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Symmes sold land beyond the lands eventually covered by his patent. Technically, these settlers were squatters on unsurveyed federal land. To correct this situation, Congress passed relief acts on March 2, 1799 and March 3, 1801, which gave these settlers the first right to buy this land from the federal government. This was the first time the right of pre-emption was granted by Congress. Later, in 1841, Congress passed a general pre-emption act, which led to fraud and settlement before land could be surveyed.</span></p><p align="justify" style="text-align: start;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Symmes Purchase was privately surveyed. It is the only original land surveyed in the United States which has ranges running south to north, fractional ranges, and townships running west to east. Section numbering is according to the land ordinance of May 20, 1785. The federal surveys, above the Symmes Purchase, continued Symmes' unique and unorthodox numbering of ranges and townships so the "between the Miami Rivers survey" would be consistent.</span></p></div>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-58586350814264360132016-01-11T02:32:00.001-05:002016-01-11T02:33:04.441-05:00FRF - Symmes<div><br></div><div>http://frfgenealogy.com/articles/symmes-purchase/</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><div id="site-header" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative; z-index: 3;"><a href="http://frfgenealogy.com/" rel="home" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000"><img src="http://frfgenealogy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/1922-Folkerth-Reunion-for-blog.jpg" width="1248" height="227" alt="FRF Genealogy & Family History" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; max-width: 100%; height: auto;"></font></a></div><header id="masthead" class="site-header" role="banner" style="max-width: 1260px; position: relative; width: 768px; z-index: 4;"><div class="header-main" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline; min-height: 48px;"><h1 class="site-title" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; line-height: 48px; float: left; max-width: calc(100% - 86px);"><a href="http://frfgenealogy.com/" rel="home" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; display: block; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">FRF Genealogy & Family History</span></font></a></h1><div class="search-toggle" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 18px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 48px; text-align: center; width: 48px;"><a href="http://frfgenealogy.com/articles/symmes-purchase/#search-container" class="screen-reader-text" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="search-container" style="text-align: start; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 1px; left: 5px; position: absolute !important;"><font color="#000000"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Search</span></font></a></div><nav id="primary-navigation" class="site-navigation primary-navigation" role="navigation" style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 24px;"><button class="menu-toggle" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary-menu" style="text-align: start; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom; cursor: pointer; border: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; height: 48px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 48px;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">PRIMARY MENU</span></font></button><a class="screen-reader-text skip-link" href="http://frfgenealogy.com/articles/symmes-purchase/#content" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 7px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 1px; display: block; position: absolute !important;"><font color="#000000"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">SKIP TO CONTENT</span></font></a></nav></div></header><div id="main" class="site-main" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="main-content" class="main-content" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 768px;"><div id="primary" class="content-area" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 48px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; float: left; width: 768px;"><div id="content" class="site-content" role="main" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><article id="post-444" class="post-444 page type-page status-publish hentry" style="margin: 0px auto 48px; max-width: 100%;"><header class="entry-header" style="position: relative; z-index: 1; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 474px; padding: 0px 30px 12px;"><h1 class="entry-title" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 300; margin: 0px 0px 12px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; line-height: 1.0909090909;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">SYMMES PURCHASE</span></h1></header><div class="entry-content" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-hyphens: auto; word-wrap: break-word; max-width: 474px;"><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">John Cleves Symmes was a lawyer, former Colonel of the Militia, judge and member of Congress from NJ. He was induced to visit the Miami Valley by Major Benjamin Stiles of Redstone, Pennsylvania, which he did in early 1787. Upon returning to the East he petitioned Congress on 29 August 1787, as John Cleves Symmes and associates, to buy the land between the Miami Rivers. At one point the purchase was said to be for two million acres but this was revised to be one million acres. The contract was modified by Congress, with Symmes consent, in 1792, to reduce the purchase to the final size of 311,682 acres. The purchase finally was approved on 30 October 1794, when President George Washington signed the patent. As finally executed, the Symmes Purchase extended between the Miami rivers and north from the Ohio River about 2/3 of the way to Dayton.</span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://frfgenealogy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/SymmesPurchase-@80.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-438" src="http://frfgenealogy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/SymmesPurchase-@80.jpg" alt="SymmesPurchase @80" width="320" height="450" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; max-width: 100%; height: auto;"></font></a></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Judge Symmes evidently was a headstrong, take-charge sort of guy because he sent surveyors into the field in 1788, sure that his 1787 request would be approved. He also was a frugal guy because he ordered the surveyors to work their way north setting Section corner markers at one-mile intervals but he told them NOT to spend the time running east-west lines to insure the Sections were indeed one-mile squares. The purchasers of the land would need to pay for these surveys to be performed. Further, a basic problem with the Symmes survey was that he ordered his surveyors to define the north-running lines simply using compass heading … not correcting the compass heading to true North.</span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">C. Albert White, writing in the 1982 </span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i>A History of the Rectangular Survey System</i></span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> for the Bureau of Land Management, had this to say about the Symmes survey;</span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> “</span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i>The supposed northwest corner of a section might be 15 to 20 chains or more, north or south of the northeast corner of the same section. The longitudinal distances between corners were also grossly in error. A purchaser of a full section might have 100 acres more or less than he was to pay for.</i></span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">” Since a surveyor’s chain measured 66 feet and a full section contains 640 acres the work done by Symmes’ surveyors could have been horribly wrong! The </span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i>History of Warren County</i></span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> cited an example where one Ichabod Halsey purchased a plat from Symmes said to contain 640 acres that actually contained 840!</span></span></span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">But wait! There is more. Judge Symmes sent surveyors into the territory beyond the limits of his contract for 311,682 acres … surveying and selling land even farther north than the future site of Dayton, Ohio, which itself was 20 miles or more beyond the northern boundary of the land he actually owned. Symmes spent years selling land he did not own! John Edgar, son of one of the pioneer settlers of Dayton, reports in his </span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i>Pioneer Life</i></span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> that a group of men (including Jonathan Dayton) bought the seventh and eighth ‘ranges’ from Symmes. Each range was a six-mile (north-south) swath of land extending from the Great Miami River on the west to the Little Miami River on the east. This includes the future sites of Dayton, Beavercreek, Fairborn, Wright-Patterson AFB and Yellow Springs as well as other smaller villages. Edgar further reports that his father received a certificate for two lots in the town of Dayton that reads as follows; </span></span></span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">“<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i>This will certify that Robert Edgar has complyed (sic) with the conditions of settlement in the town of Dayton and is entitled to receive a deed for the following lots so soon as the Honorable John C. Symmes shall obtain a patent from Congress, including the premises, viz: Town Lot numbered on the plat of said town Thirty-two and ten-acre outlot number Five.</i></span></span></span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><i>For the proprietor, </i></span></span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><i>D. C. Cooper</i></span></span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><i>Dayton, March 17, 1798”</i></span></span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Edgar notes that the ‘new proprietors’ refused to honor this certificate and his father received nothing for his labor in clearing the lots.</span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">So. Was “the Honorable John C. Symmes” a con artist, scamming everyone to make a fast buck while hoping that his reputation ‘Back East’ would protect him from prosecution … or hoping that the distance from the sites of real power would protect him? Was he a headstrong individual who was confident that a do-nothing Congress would finally see the wisdom of HIS ways and sell him the lands he had been peddling? Or was he like the lead character in the musical ‘Music Man’ who claimed he always thought there would be a boy’s band?</span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Your guess is as good as mine …</span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-weight: 700;">The Rest of the Story</span> is equally murky; what happened to those who bought land from Symmes?</span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Its clear from the story told by Edgar about his father, that some folks simply lost all claim to ‘their’ land. But Congress tried to make amends, passing relief acts in 1799 and 1801. By the terms of these acts a person who thought he had bought land from Symmes but actually was a squatter on Government land was given first opportunity to buy the land from the Government at $2 per acre … even though they previously had paid Symmes at the rate of (probably) 66 cents per acre. This may not sound like a good situation but if the ‘squatter’ had been improving the land for five or ten years it was better than simply walking away.</span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Then there were the problems related to the faulty survey. A court ruling (whose reference I have misplaced) found that the section corners of the original survey should prevail. This explains why some county boundaries in southwestern Ohio are zig-zaggy since they follow the lines of the original Symmes survey.</span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">So far as further large land sales by Congress were concerned, White notes “<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i>The Symmes Purchase was so badly managed and the surveys so poor that it effectively killed any further large land sales by Congress. It brought out the need for proper surveys, executed by the government, and the fixing in position, by law, of survey corners and lines once claims were made based on them.”</i></span></span></span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-weight: 700; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">postscript</span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">I plan a later posting in which I will describe the activities of John Cleves Symmes, Jr, nephew of the Symmes Purchase Proprietor, and his connection to the Jefferis family by way of Jeremiah N. Reynolds.</span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">FRF</span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">BIBLIOGRAPHY</span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Symmes purchase from surveyor’s perspective: <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="zxx" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u><a href="http://www.surveyhistory.org/symmes_purchase.htm" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.surveyhistory.org/symmes_purchase.htm</a></u></span></span> by C. Albert White from <i>A History of the Rectangular Survey System,</i> U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Washington, D. C., 1982.</span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">DRURY, Augustus Waldo, <i>History of the City of Dayton and Montgomery County, Ohio, vol 1, </i>found at Google Books.</span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">History of Warren County <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="zxx" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u><a href="http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ohwarren/Bogan/bogan322.htm" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ohwarren/Bogan/bogan322.htm</a></u></span></span></span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">BURKE, Thomas Aquinas, <i>Ohio Lands, a Short History,</i> published by the Ohio State Auditor, 1997. Available at <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="zxx" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u><a href="http://www.auditor.state.oh.us/" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">www.auditor.state.oh.us</a></u></span></span> .</span></p><p class="western" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">EDGAR, John F., </span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i>Pioneer Life in Dayton (Ohio) and Vicinity, 1796-1840,</i></span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">W. J. Shuey, publisher, Dayton, 1896. Reprinted 1999 by Heritage Books, Bowie, Maryland. ISBN <a href="tel:0-7884-1276-0" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">0-7884-1276-0</a>.</span></span></span></p></div></article><div id="comments" class="comments-area" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 48px auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 474px;"><div id="respond" class="comment-respond" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; line-height: 1.5;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">LEAVE A REPLY <small style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></small></span></h3><form action="http://frfgenealogy.com/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate="" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="comment-notes" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7142857142;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span id="email-notes" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Your email address will not be published.</span> Required fields are marked <span class="required" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">*</span></span></p><p class="comment-form-author" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><label for="author" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Name <span class="required" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">*</span></span></label><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><input id="author" name="author" type="text" value="" size="30" aria-required="true" required="required" style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)); border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392); border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; padding: 8px 10px 7px; width: 474px;"></span></p><p class="comment-form-email" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><label for="email" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Email <span class="required" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">*</span></span></label><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><input id="email" name="email" type="email" value="" size="30" aria-describedby="email-notes" aria-required="true" required="required" style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)); border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392); border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; padding: 8px 10px 7px; width: 474px;"></span></p><p class="comment-form-url" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><label for="url" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Website</span></label><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><input id="url" name="url" type="url" value="" size="30" style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)); border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392); border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; padding: 8px 10px 7px; width: 474px;"></span></p><p class="comment-form-comment" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><label for="comment" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Comment</span></label><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><textarea id="comment" name="comment" cols="45" rows="8" aria-required="true" required="required" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: top; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)); overflow: auto; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392); border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; padding: 8px 10px 7px; width: 474px;"></textarea></span></p><p class="form-submit" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit" class="submit" value="Post Comment" style="font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)); border: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; padding: 10px 30px 11px; -webkit-appearance: button; cursor: pointer;"></span></p></form></div></div></div></div></div><div id="secondary" style="border-width: 1px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2); font-style: inherit; margin: -1px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 30px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; position: relative; z-index: 2;"><div id="primary-sidebar" class="primary-sidebar widget-area" role="complementary" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 48px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><aside id="recent-posts-2" class="widget widget_recent_entries" style="-webkit-hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.2857142857; margin-bottom: 48px; width: 708px; word-wrap: break-word;"><h1 class="widget-title" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; line-height: 1.7142857142;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">FIVE LATEST BLOG POSTINGS</span></h1><ul style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none;"><li style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px 9px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://frfgenealogy.com/2015/11/a-final-message-from-dick-folkerth/" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">A Final Message from Dick Folkerth</font></a><span class="post-date" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">November 16, 2015</span></span></li><li style="border-width: 1px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2); font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px 9px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://frfgenealogy.com/2015/09/ed-jefferis-and-the-palestine-base-ball-club-darke-county-ohio-1915-1916-blog-post-26/" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Ed Jefferis and the Palestine Base Ball Club, Darke County, Ohio; 1915 & 1916. Blog Post #26</font></a><span class="post-date" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">September 5, 2015</span></span></li><li style="border-width: 1px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2); font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px 9px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://frfgenealogy.com/2015/08/folkerth-fulkerth-fulker-ancestral-trails-in-switzerland-blog-post-25/" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Folkerth / Fulkerth / Fulker Ancestral Trails in Switzerland; Blog Post #25</font></a><span class="post-date" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">August 15, 2015</span></span></li><li style="border-width: 1px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2); font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px 9px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://frfgenealogy.com/2015/08/folkerth-fulkerth-fulker-ancestral-trails-in-germany-blog-post-24/" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Folkerth / Fulkerth / Fulker Ancestral Trails in Germany; Blog Post #24</font></a><span class="post-date" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">August 13, 2015</span></span></li><li style="border-width: 1px 0px 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2); font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px 9px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://frfgenealogy.com/2015/07/linking-to-the-california-fulkerth-families-frf-blog-post-23/" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Linking to the California Fulkerth Families; FRF Blog Post 23</font></a><span class="post-date" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">July 24, 2015</span></span></li></ul></aside><aside id="archives-2" class="widget widget_archive" style="-webkit-hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.2857142857; margin-bottom: 48px; width: 708px; word-wrap: break-word;"><h1 class="widget-title" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; line-height: 1.7142857142;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">ARCHIVES</span></h1><label class="screen-reader-text" for="archives-dropdown-2" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 1px; position: absolute !important;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Archives</span></label><select id="archives-dropdown-2" name="archive-dropdown" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"> <option value="">Select Month</option> <option value="http://frfgenealogy.com/2015/11/"> November 2015 </option> <option value="http://frfgenealogy.com/2015/09/"> September 2015 </option> <option value="http://frfgenealogy.com/2015/08/"> August 2015 </option> <option value="http://frfgenealogy.com/2015/07/"> July 2015 </option> <option value="http://frfgenealogy.com/2015/06/"> June 2015 </option> <option value="http://frfgenealogy.com/2015/05/"> May 2015 </option> <option value="http://frfgenealogy.com/2015/04/"> April 2015 </option> </select></aside><aside id="categories-4" class="widget widget_categories" style="-webkit-hyphens: auto; line-height: 1.2857142857; margin-bottom: 48px; width: 708px; word-wrap: break-word;"><h1 class="widget-title" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; line-height: 1.7142857142;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">CATEGORIES</span></h1><label class="screen-reader-text" for="cat" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 1px; position: absolute !important;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Categories</span></label><select name="cat" id="cat" class="postform" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"> <option value="-1">Select Category</option> <option class="level-0" value="2">Folkerth (16)</option> <option class="level-1" value="4"> Carlisle (3)</option> <option class="level-1" value="3"> Ems (2)</option> <option class="level-1" value="7"> Engle (5)</option> <option class="level-1" value="6"> Feirstine (2)</option> <option class="level-1" value="5"> Fulkerth (8)</option> <option class="level-1" value="10"> Hall (2)</option> <option class="level-1" value="11"> Krise (1)</option> <option class="level-1" value="9"> Lewton (1)</option> <option class="level-1" value="58"> Rafesnider (5)</option> <option class="level-1" value="86"> Wine (1)</option> <option class="level-1" value="8"> Yingling (4)</option> <option class="level-0" value="14">Fulker (5)</option> <option class="level-1" value="76"> Barnhart (1)</option> <option class="level-0" value="15">Jefferis (12)</option> <option class="level-1" value="21"> Chandler (2)</option> <option class="level-1" value="17"> Chenoweth (3)</option> <option class="level-1" value="20"> Darlington (2)</option> <option class="level-1" value="16"> Harris (3)</option> <option class="level-1" value="85"> Potter (1)</option> <option class="level-1" value="23"> Reynolds (1)</option> <option class="level-1" value="80"> Ring (1)</option> <option class="level-0" value="1">Uncategorized (1)</option> <option class="level-0" value="13">Volckerth (5)</option> </select></aside></div></div></div><footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo" style="position: relative; z-index: 3;"><div class="site-info" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 15px 30px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://wordpress.org/" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Proudly powered by WordPress</font></a></div></footer></div>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-50128586727315345262016-01-11T02:27:00.001-05:002016-01-11T02:29:00.087-05:00Blount - First Fort (compilation)<div><br></div><div><a href="http://heyhamilton.com/2015/09/22/fort-built-to-protect-the-symmes-purchase/" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">http://heyhamilton.com/2015/09/22/fort-built-to-protect-the-symmes-purchase/</a></div><div><br></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-heI8UL5aHFo/VpNZuaRehkI/AAAAAAAAcow/yJwOtQl97m0/s640/blogger-image-2135379880.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-heI8UL5aHFo/VpNZuaRehkI/AAAAAAAAcow/yJwOtQl97m0/s640/blogger-image-2135379880.jpg"></a></div><br></div><div><br></div><div><header class="entry-header" style="position: relative; z-index: 1; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 474px; padding: 24px 30px 12px;"><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 8px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; line-height: 1.3333333333; max-width: 474px;"><span class="cat-links" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 900; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="http://heyhamilton.com/category/history/the-jim-blount-history-archives/" rel="category tag" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none;">THE JIM BLOUNT HISTORY ARCHIVES</a></span></div><h1 class="entry-title" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 300; margin: 0px 0px 12px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; line-height: 1.0909090909;"><a href="http://heyhamilton.com/2015/09/22/fort-built-to-protect-the-symmes-purchase/" rel="bookmark" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">FORT BUILT TO PROTECT THE SYMMES PURCHASE</font></a></h1><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 8px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; line-height: 1.3333333333; max-width: 474px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span class="entry-date" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://heyhamilton.com/2015/09/22/fort-built-to-protect-the-symmes-purchase/" rel="bookmark" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none;"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2015-09-22T17:35:31+00:00">SEPTEMBER 22, 2015</time></a></span> <span class="byline" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;"><span class="author vcard" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="url fn n" href="http://heyhamilton.com/author/hhstaff/" rel="author" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none;">HHSTAFF</a></span></span> <span class="comments-link" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://heyhamilton.com/2015/09/22/fort-built-to-protect-the-symmes-purchase/#respond" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none;">LEAVE A COMMENT</a></span></span></div></header><div class="entry-content" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px auto; outline: 0px; padding: 12px 30px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-hyphens: auto; word-wrap: break-word; max-width: 474px;"><p style="text-align: start; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.lanepl.org/research/local-history-genealogy/jim-blount-resources/" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Jim Blount History Resources</font></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">On November 18, 1788, 26 brave persons stepped off flatboats on the Ohio River and established the first settlement in Southwestern Ohio to inhabit Columbia, a community about a mile west of where the Little Miami River empties into the Ohio River.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The site today is in Cincinnati’s southeast corner, between Lunken Airport and Alms Park.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">About a month earlier — October 15, 1788 — Congress had approved the sale of one million acres in the Northwest Territory to John Cleves Symmes of New Jersey.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Symmes is a familiar label on the area’s landscape, and most of the names are a tribute to the region’s first land owner and real estate agent.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">John Cleves Symmes was born July 21, 1742, at Southold, Long Island, N. Y., and was residing in Sussex County, N. J., in 1770, before the start of the American Revolution.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">During the war, he was a colonel in charge of New Jersey troops. He was on the committee that drafted a new state constitution in 1776, and was an associate justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1777 through 1783.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">He was a New Jersey representative in the Continental Congress from 1785 through 1787 while that body searched for a way to sell land and control settlement in the Ohio valley.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Congress, which was then the only branch of government in the new United States, adopted ordinances in 1785 and 1787 which opened the way for migration into the region that would become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In New York City, Congress adopted the Northwest Ordinance July 13, 1787, while in Philadelphia the Constitutional Convention worked until September on a new plan of government.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">August 29, 1787 — less than seven weeks after enactment of the Northwest Ordinance — the 45-year-old Symmes asked his colleagues to permit him to buy one million acres in the wilderness.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Joining the often-controversial Symmes in the venture were Elias Boudinot and Jonathan Dayton, past and present members of Congress from New Jersey. Dayton also was then a member of the Constitutional Convention.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In the spring and summer of 1787, Symmes had traveled down the Ohio River to inspect potential locations.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">His choice, because it was north of the Ohio River between the Little Miami River and the Great Miami River, was known as the Miami Purchase. It included a portion of what is now Butler County.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">It wasn’t until October 15, 1788, that Congress approved the sale to Symmes. By then, Symmes had been appointed to one of five administrative positions in the territory. February 18, 1788, Congress named him one of three territorial judges.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">He planned to buy a million acres and profit by reselling smaller parcels to others. First, he priced his land at 66 and two-thirds cents an acre. Later, the standard price was $1.</span></p><h5 style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 36px 0px 12px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; line-height: 1.3333333333;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">John Reily’s First Stop in Ohio</span></h5><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Symmes quickly sold several thousand acres to Benjamin Stites, who a few weeks later guided the pioneers on the two-day trip from Limestone (now Maysville, Ky. ) to Columbia.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Stites had been with Symmes and others in September 1788 during their inspection of the land north of the Ohio River between the Little Miami and Great Miami rivers.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The first, task for Stites and others who arrived at Columbia in November 1788 was to build a small fort for protection from possible Indian raids. Of course, log cabins also had to be constructed before the onset of winter.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">But food was more of a problem than shelter that first winter. The settlers soon consumed the food they brought with them. Then they had to rely on wild game — which was plentiful — and what they could extract from the ground.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">According to one account, Columbia women and children had “to scratch up the bulbous roots of the bear grass, which when mashed, boiled and dried, were pounded into a kind of flour which served as a tolerable substitute for wheat and corn flour.”</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The food situation began to improve in the spring when crops could be planted. But not all of the settlement’s manpower could be devoted to farming. Half of the men worked in the fields while the other half stood guard against Indian attacks. The groups switched responsibilities during the day to break the monotony.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Columbia residents suffered another setback in November 1789 when the Ohio River flooded the community. Only one house escaped the water.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Columbia survived the hardships and prospered. It quickly became a trading center — thanks to an adjacent area known as Turkey Bottom, which produced high yields of corn each year.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">At first, Columbia grew faster than nearby Cincinnati (to which it was annexed in 1873), and North Bend, a settlement started by John Cleves Symmes.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">A missionary who visited the three river communities in 1792 said Columbia had 1,100 inhabitants while Cincinnati had about 900 and North Bend between 300 and 400 residents.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The first school in the Symmes Purchase was established at Columbia In June 1790 by 27-year-old John Reily, who was also an Indian fighter and soon became a leader not only in Columbia, but in the Northwest Territory.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Thirteen years later Reily — a native of Pennsylvania who spent his youth in Virginia before service in the revolutionary army — would move to Hamilton and continue to serve in various official capacities until a few years before his death June 7, 1850, at the age of 87.</span></p><h5 style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 36px 0px 12px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; line-height: 1.3333333333;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">A Campaign Against the Natives</span></h5><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Attempts to settle Ohio began in 1788, but migration across the Appalachians into the area was slowed by Indian resistance. Building log forts on the banks of the Ohio River at Marietta and Cincinnati had failed to intimidate the Native Americans, and in 1790 an ill-prepared military expedition ended in defeat.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In 1791, Congress — at the urging of President George Washington — authorized an increase in the army and the militia to challenge the Indians again.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">At the same time, Arthur St. Clair — governor of the Northwest Territory since 1788 — was appointed major-general and commander of the U. S. Army. St. Clair, based in Cincinnati, hoped to gather 3,000 men for another campaign against the Native Americans residing later became western Ohio and eastern Indiana.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">One of his objectives was to build a series of forts extending north from Fort Washington in Cincinnati. Execution of that strategy led to the building of Fort Hamilton.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The task was assigned to Lt. Col. William Darke, who also was responsible for cutting a road through the wilderness between Fort Washington and the first in a chain of “forts of deposit,” the 1790s military term describing supply posts.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In August, Darke ‘s advance unit established a camp at Ludlow Station, five miles north of Cincinnati on Mill Creek. On September 6, 1791, Darke’s soldiers started for their destination, about 25 miles north of Fort Washington. It took three days to chop through the thickly-wooded countryside.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Darke made camp near the present site of the Columbia Bridge in Hamilton and waited for orders. September 20, St. Clair ordered Darke to proceed to erect the fort on a site which had been selected during a previous scouting mission.</span></p><h5 style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 36px 0px 12px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; line-height: 1.3333333333;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Built with 80 Axes and a Saw</span></h5><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The location on the east bank of the Great Miami River was chosen because the army planned to transport supplies from Cincinnati via the river. The site also was at a ford, a natural river crossing, which had been used by the Indians. It is believed to have been on an alignment with present Ross Avenue and Court Street. The fort’s gate was at this point, opening to the west.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">About 100 men worked for two weeks to complete the fort, then about half the size of a modern football field.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">From the surrounding woods, the men and their oxen combined to cut straight, 20-foot logs and drag them to a flat area beside the river. The timbers — from 9 to 12 inches in diameter — were placed upright in a three-foot trench around the perimeter.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Four blockhouses or platforms were built, three on the land side and one facing the river.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Inside the fort, soldiers built a barracks for about 100 men, a guard room, two storehouses and a magazine.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Darke’s contingent faced a familiar military problem — a shortage — according to the adjutant general of the army.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">“The provisions of tools . . . was scanty in the extreme,” said Col. Winthrop Sargent in his diary of the campaign. “Eighty axes only were furnished by the quartermaster, and of these 13 were borrowed from the troops.” Sargent said the crew had “one saw and one frow” (a wedge-shaped cleaving tool).</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">September 30, 1791, is regarded as the completion date for the crude fort which was named in honor of Alexander Hamilton, then secretary of the treasury in President Washington’s cabinet.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The fort — which would be enlarged later — immediately became the temporary base for about 2,000 soldiers, considerably less than the 3,000 that St. Clair had anticipated. Oct. 4 — five days after completion of Fort Hamilton — Gen. St. Clair led his hastily-assembled army out of the frontier outpost toward a showdown with the Indians.</span></p><h5 style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 36px 0px 12px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; line-height: 1.3333333333;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">‘The Miami Slaughterhouse’</span></h5><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Unfortunately, many of John Cleves Symmes’ deals were faulty.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">There was confusion between Symmes and the government over both the size and the boundaries of the Miami Purchase.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In some cases, Symmes sold land which he didn’t own. Some problems were attributed to Symmes’ tendency to neglect details, including selling tracts on credit and then failing to collect payment.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The labeling of his real estate as “the Miami Slaughterhouse” — because of deadly Indian raids on settlers — discouraged some prospects from buying Symmes’ land.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Added to all of their troubles were disputes between Symmes and some of his associates.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In March 1811, a mysterious fire destroyed Symmes’ residence. Eventually, his holdings were seized and sold to satisfy legal claims against him.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Symmes, then 72, died in poverty February. 26, 1814, in Cincinnati. He was buried with military honors in North Bend, an Ohio River community which he founded February 2, 1789.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 60px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Culled from the following columns at the Lane Libraries Jim Blount History Resources Archives:</em></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 60px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sept. 25, 1988 – </em><a href="https://sites.google.com/a/lanepl.org/jbcols/1988/september#4" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hamilton once army fort:</em></a></span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 60px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nov. 13, 1988 – </em><a href="https://sites.google.com/a/lanepl.org/jbcols/1988/november#2" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Early settlers busy beavers:</em></a></span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 60px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">April 22, 1990 – </em><a href="https://sites.google.com/a/lanepl.org/jbcols/1990/april#4" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">First land owner died poor:</em></a></span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Current Column: <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://library.booksite.com/5338/nl/?list=CNL3" target="_blank" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none;">Sugar first food rationed during World War II; Backyard Victory Gardens and Victory Flocks suggested to supplement local food supplies</a></span></span></p><hr style="border: 0px; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 23px;"><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://truecrimehistorian.com/" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000"><img class="wp-image-2064 size-large" src="https://heyhamilton.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/2014-1025-banner.jpg?w=904&h=148" alt="2014 1025 banner" width="474" height="78" originalw="474" originalh="78" src-orig="https://heyhamilton.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/2014-1025-banner.jpg?w=474&h=78" scale="2" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; max-width: 100%; height: auto;"></font></a></p><hr style="border: 0px; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 23px;"></div></div>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-10307686506844182122016-01-11T02:10:00.001-05:002016-01-11T02:11:07.684-05:00Cincinnati Land Office Records<div><br></div><div>http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15005coll36</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><div class="skipnav"><a href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15005coll36#link_bar_container" title="Skip to main content" id="skip_nav" style="text-decoration: none; position: absolute; left: -10000px; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden;"><font color="#000000"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Skip to main content</span></font></a></div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a name="top"></a></span><div id="headerWrapper" tabindex="1000" style="cursor: pointer;"><div id="page"><div id="header" style="clear: both; float: left; width: 980px; background-image: url(http://www.ohiomemory.org/ui/custom/default/collection/default/resources/custompages/images/om_banner_back.jpg); height: 100px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat;"><div style="margin: 0px auto; width: 700px;"><a href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15005coll36" style="text-decoration: none; border: 0px currentcolor; border-image-source: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000"><img src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/ui/custom/default/collection/coll_p15005coll36/resources/custompages/images/statelibrary_banner_cincinnati.png" alt="Ohio Memory" border="0"></font></a></div></div></div><span class="clear" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; visibility: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0px;"></span></div><div id="nav_top" style="height: 26px; width: 980px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px 0px; overflow: hidden;"><div id="nav_top_left" style="float: left;"><ul class="nav" style="width: 709.890625px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; float: left;"><li class="nav_li" style="display: inline; float: left;"><a tabindex="1001" id="nav_top_left_first_link" href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15005coll36" style="text-decoration: none; height: 26px; float: left; font-weight: bold; padding: 5px 15px 0px 30px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black;"><div class="nav_top_left_text_container" style="float: left;"><font color="#000000"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Cincinnati Federal Land Records Home</span></font></div></a></li><li class="nav_li" style="display: inline; float: left;"><a tabindex="1002" href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/search/collection/p15005coll36" style="text-decoration: none; height: 26px; float: left; font-weight: bold; padding: 5px 15px 0px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black;"><div class="nav_top_left_text_container" style="float: left;"><font color="#000000"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Browse All</span></font></div></a></li><li class="nav_li" style="display: inline; float: left;"><a tabindex="1003" href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/" style="text-decoration: none; height: 26px; float: left; font-weight: bold; padding: 5px 15px 0px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black;"><div class="nav_top_left_text_container" style="float: left;"><font color="#000000"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Ohio Memory Home</span></font></div></a></li><li class="nav_li" style="display: inline; float: left;"><a tabindex="1004" href="http://www.ohiohistoryhost.org/ohiomemory/" style="text-decoration: none; height: 26px; float: left; font-weight: bold; padding: 5px 15px 0px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: black;"><div class="nav_top_left_text_container" style="float: left;"><font color="#000000"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">About Ohio Memory</span></font></div></a></li></ul></div><div id="nav_top_right" style="float: right; padding: 6px 30px 0px 0px;"><ul class="nav" style="width: 166.21875px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; float: left;"><li class="nav_li_right_1" style="display: inline; float: left;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span class="currentUser" id="currentUser"></span><a tabindex="1005" id="login_link" href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/login/" data-analytics="{"category":"navigation","action":"click","label":"Log in link"}" style="text-decoration: none;">Log in</a></span></li><li class="nav_li_right_1 nav_top_right_divider" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; display: inline; float: left;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">|</span></li><li class="nav_li_right_1" style="display: inline; float: left;"><a tabindex="1006" href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/favorites" style="text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Favorites </font></a></li><li class="nav_li_right_1 nav_top_right_divider" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; display: inline; float: left;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">|</span></li><li class="nav_li_right_1" style="display: inline; float: left;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span class="icon_10 icon_nav_top_right ui-icon-help cdmHelpLink" style="height: 11px; width: 12px; background-image: url(http://www.ohiomemory.org/ui/cdm/default/collection/default/css/images/lightness-ui-icons_ffffff_256x240.png); vertical-align: bottom; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 2px; background-position: -48px -144px;"></span><a tabindex="1007" class="cdmHelpLink" data-analytics="{"category":"navigation","action":"click","label":"Help link"}"><b>Help</b></a></span></li></ul></div></div><div id="search" style="height: 38px; margin-bottom: -3px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-width: 2px;"><div id="search_content" class="float_left" style="float: left; margin: 7px 0px 0px 30px; clear: both;"><div class="search_content_container float_left spaceMar5T" style="float: left; margin-top: 5px; height: 15px; vertical-align: middle;"><label for="search_content_box" id="search_content_text" style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Search</label></div><div class="search_content_container float_left" style="float: left; height: 25px; vertical-align: middle; margin-top: 2px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><input tabindex="1" type="text" id="search_content_box" name="search_content_box" class="search_content_box_noresults" value="" autocomplete="off" data-analytics="{"category":"search","action":"return","label":"query"}" style="border-color: rgb(127, 157, 185); width: 370px; margin: 0px 15px 0px 0px; height: 17px; box-sizing: content-box !important;"></span></div><div class="search_content_container float_left" style="float: left; height: 18px; vertical-align: middle; margin-top: 3px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><input tabindex="2" id="simple_search_button" class="search_content_button spaceMar15L" type="button" value="Search" data-analytics="{"category":"search","action":"click","label":"query"}" style="margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; height: 18px; font-weight: bold; border-color: rgb(25, 25, 112); padding: 1px 6px 3px; cursor: pointer;"></span></div></div><div class="search_content_container_advanced float_left " style="float: left; height: 38px; vertical-align: middle; margin-top: 12px;"><a tabindex="3" id="search_content_adv_link" class="action_link_10" data-analytics="{"category":"advanced search","action":"toggle","label":"advanced-search-link"}" style="margin: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Advanced Search</a></div><span class="clear" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; visibility: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0px;"></span></div><div id="top_content" style="margin: 0px 30px; min-width: 960px;"><div id="breadcrumb_top" style="padding: 14px 0px 24px; vertical-align: middle; overflow: hidden; min-width: 811px; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><div id="breadcrumb_top_content" style="font-weight: bold; display: inline; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/" class="action_link_10" tabindex="" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: normal;">Home</a> <img src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getstaticcontent/file/images~icon_double_arrow_e.png/type/pngimage" alt="arrow"> Cincinnati Land Office Records </div></div><div id="link_bar" style="height: 20px; background-image: url(http://www.ohiomemory.org/ui/cdm/default/collection/default/images/univ_pg_control_bg.png); border-top-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; padding: 0px; margin: -10px 0px 0px;"><div id="link_bar_content" style="height: 20px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; min-width: 645px;"><div id="link_bar_container" style="margin-top: 0px; min-width: 645px;"><img alt="" src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getstaticcontent/file/images~univ_pg_control_sep.png/type/pngimage" class="link_bar_sep" style="float: left; height: 20px; width: 1px;"><div id="link_bar_end_sep" style="float: right;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><img alt="" src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getstaticcontent/file/images~univ_pg_control_sep.png/type/pngimage"></span></div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> <h1 class="cdm_style" style="display: inline;">Cincinnati Land Office Records</h1></span></div></div></div><span class="clear" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; visibility: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0px;"></span><div id="lp_wrapper" style="padding-top: 38px; min-width: 960px; position: relative; min-height: 500px;"><div id="lp_col1_container" style="float: left; margin: 0px 370px 0px 0px; width: 672px;"><div id="lp_column_1" style="width: 571.1875px; float: left;"><div id="lpCdmContentFlowWrapper" style="height: 300px;"><div id="lpCdmContentFlow" class="ContentFlow backgroundPageBox backgroundPageBoxBorder ContentFlowAddOn_white" style="border: 1px solid rgb(233, 233, 233); position: relative; overflow: hidden; margin-bottom: 30px; width: 571.1875px;"><div class="flow" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-height: 160px; position: relative; z-index: 0; visibility: visible; width: 571.1875px; height: 160px;"><div class="item" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; visibility: visible; top: 120.898px; left: 47.1913664152201px; height: 39.102px; width: 42.56px; z-index: 32753;"><img class="content landscape" src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getthumbnail/collection/p15005coll36/id/378" title="Cincinnati federal land office records" href="/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15005coll36/id/378" origproportion="1.08843537414966" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; width: 42.546875px;"></div><div class="item" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; visibility: visible; top: 112.785px; left: 54.57318288992979px; height: 47.214999999999996px; width: 53.2px; z-index: 32757;"><img class="content landscape" src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getthumbnail/collection/p15005coll36/id/51" title="Cincinnati federal land office records" href="/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15005coll36/id/51" origproportion="1.1267605633802817" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; width: 53.1875px;"></div><div class="item" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; visibility: visible; top: 106.66666666666667px; left: 90.95181746679027px; height: 53.33333333333333px; width: 34.22222222222223px; z-index: 32761;"><img class="content portray" src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getthumbnail/collection/p15005coll36/id/232" title="Cincinnati federal land office records" href="/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15005coll36/id/232" origproportion="0.6416666666666667" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; width: 34.21875px;"></div><div class="item" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; visibility: visible; top: 80px; left: 140.98852064604776px; height: 80px; width: 48px; z-index: 32764;"><img class="content portray" src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getthumbnail/collection/p15005coll36/id/223" title="Cincinnati federal land office records" href="/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15005coll36/id/223" origproportion="0.6" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; width: 48px;"></div><div class="item active" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; visibility: visible; top: 0px; left: 234.16666666666666px; border: 0px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); cursor: pointer; overflow: hidden; height: 160px; width: 102.66666666666667px; z-index: 32768;"><img class="content portray" src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getthumbnail/collection/p15005coll36/id/122" title="Cincinnati federal land office records" href="/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15005coll36/id/122" origproportion="0.6416666666666667" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; width: 102.65625px;"></div><div class="item" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; visibility: visible; top: 65.57000000000001px; left: 352.8114793539522px; height: 94.42999999999999px; width: 106.4px; z-index: 32764;"><img class="content landscape" src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getthumbnail/collection/p15005coll36/id/404" title="Cincinnati federal land office records" href="/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15005coll36/id/404" origproportion="1.1267605633802817" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; width: 106.390625px;"></div><div class="item" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; visibility: visible; top: 106.66666666666667px; left: 441.6037380887653px; height: 53.33333333333333px; width: 42.666666666666664px; z-index: 32761;"><img class="content portray" src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getthumbnail/collection/p15005coll36/id/69" title="Cincinnati federal land office records" href="/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15005coll36/id/69" origproportion="0.8" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; width: 42.65625px;"></div><div class="item" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; visibility: visible; top: 120px; left: 473.6601504434035px; height: 40px; width: 32.333333333333336px; z-index: 32757;"><img class="content portray" src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getthumbnail/collection/p15005coll36/id/3" title="Cincinnati federal land office records" href="/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15005coll36/id/3" origproportion="0.8083333333333333" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; width: 32.328125px;"></div><div class="item" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; visibility: visible; top: 132.602px; left: 481.2486335847799px; height: 27.398000000000003px; width: 42.56px; z-index: 32753;"><img class="content landscape" src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getthumbnail/collection/p15005coll36/id/431" title="Cincinnati federal land office records" href="/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15005coll36/id/431" origproportion="1.5533980582524272" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; width: 42.546875px;"></div></div><div class="globalCaption" style="margin: 2em auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center; font-weight: 700; height: 20px; position: relative; z-index: 1;"><div class="caption" style="text-align: start; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;"><a class="body_link_11" href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15005coll36/id/122" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Cincinnati federal land office records</font></a></div></div><div class="scrollbar" style="margin: 10px auto 20px; padding: 0px; width: 285.59375px; height: 16px; background-image: url(http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getstaticcontent/file/js~contentflow~img~scrollbar_black.png/type/pngimage); background-attachment: scroll; overflow: visible; position: relative; z-index: 1; visibility: visible; background-position: 0% 12px; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat;"><div class="preButton float_left" style="float: left; margin: 0px 0px 0px -40px; padding: 0px; cursor: pointer; height: 22px; width: 22px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><img id="contentflowPrevBtn" src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getstaticcontent/file/js~contentflow~img~nav_prev_off.gif/type/gifimage" alt="prev" title="prev" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span></div><div class="slider" style="margin: 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: e-resize; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-image: url(http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getstaticcontent/file/js~contentflow~img~slider_black.png/type/pngimage); position: absolute; left: 135px; top: 0px; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"></div><div class="nextButton" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 285.59375px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; cursor: pointer; height: 22px; width: 22px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><img id="contentflowNextBtn" src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getstaticcontent/file/js~contentflow~img~nav_next_off.gif/type/gifimage" alt="next" title="next" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span></div></div><div class="mouseoverCheckElement" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; width: 0px; height: 0px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"></div></div></div><div id="lp_description_container" style="width: 571.1875px; padding: 0px 0px 40px;"><h2 class="cdm_style" style="font-weight: bold; display: inline; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">About this collection</h2><span class="clear" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; visibility: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0px;"></span><div class="spaceMar10T" style="margin-top: 10px;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The Federal Land Office in Cincinnati was established in 1800 as part of what was known both as the Act of May 10, 1800 and the Harrison Land Act of 1800. This Act included many provisions, such as establishing receivers and registers, permitting the lease of parcels of land under certain conditions, and setting a minimum price of $2.00 per acre. The Act also allowed for the purchase of land on credit and payable in quarters annually, with the first quarter-payment due upon the date of purchase. Lands sold by the Cincinnati office were located in the south-western corner of Ohio and included a portion of Indiana, as well as part of the Symmes Purchase (also known as the Little Miami Purchase).</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Ranging from 1806 to 1828, the items in this collection provide a glimpse into the history of the Federal Land Office in Cincinnati and its role in carrying out the Harrison Land Act's provisions. Included are purchase certificates, letters, and power-of-attorney documents, many of which provide the name and county of origin of the purchaser, the name of the receiver of payments and the land office register, the location of the land purchases, and the price of purchase. In the case of the power-of-attorney documents next-of-kin information is occasionally included, as well. In certain instances it has been impossible to determine the correct state of origin of the purchaser; generally this is due to the fact that both Indiana and Ohio have identically-named counties, such as Franklin County. In these cases, both Ohio and Indiana have been listed as the state of origin.</span></p><span class="clear" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; visibility: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0px;"></span></div></div></div><div id="lp_column_1a" style="width: 100.796875px; float: left;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></div><span class="clear" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; visibility: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0px;"></span></div><div id="lp_col2_container" style="width: 385px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: auto;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><h2 class="cdm_style" style="font-weight: bold; display: inline;">Recent Additions</h2><br><br></span><div id="lp_rss_container"><div id="cdm_rss_container"><font color="#000000"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/viewfeed/collection/p15005coll36" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Receive updates for this collection." src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getstaticcontent/file/images~icon_rss.png/type/pngimage" border="0"></a> <a class="action_link_10" href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/viewfeed/collection/p15005coll36" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none;">Receive updates for this collection.</a></span></font></div></div><div id="lp_recent_container" class="backgroundPageBox backgroundPageBoxBorder" style="border: 1px solid rgb(233, 233, 233); padding: 0px; margin: 25px 0px 0px;"><table id="lp_recent_table" style="margin: 25px 20px 25px 25px;"><tbody><tr><td class="lp_recent_img_cell" style="padding: 10px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15005coll36/id/638" item_id="638" title="" style="text-decoration: none; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000"><img class="lp_recent_img" src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getthumbnail/collection/p15005coll36/id/638" alt="Cincinnati federal land office records" style="border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); max-height: 110px; max-width: 110px;"></font></a></td><td class="lp_recent_spacer_cell" style="padding: 3px 2px; width: 40px;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></td><td class="lp_recent_img_cell" style="padding: 10px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15005coll36/id/637" item_id="637" title="" style="text-decoration: none; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000"><img class="lp_recent_img" src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getthumbnail/collection/p15005coll36/id/637" alt="Cincinnati federal land office records" style="border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); max-height: 110px; max-width: 110px;"></font></a></td></tr><tr><td class="lp_recent_link_cell line_breaker" style="padding: 3px 2px; word-wrap: break-word; vertical-align: top; max-width: 110px;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span><div class="recent_additions_title line_breaker" style="word-wrap: break-word; width: 110px; max-width: 110px;"><a href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15005coll36/id/638" class="body_link_11" item_id="638" title="" style="text-decoration: none; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Cincinnati federal land office records</font></a></div><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></td><td class="lp_recent_spacer_cell" style="padding: 3px 2px; width: 40px;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></td><td class="lp_recent_link_cell line_breaker" style="padding: 3px 2px; word-wrap: break-word; vertical-align: top; max-width: 110px;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span><div class="recent_additions_title line_breaker" style="word-wrap: break-word; width: 110px; max-width: 110px;"><a href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15005coll36/id/637" class="body_link_11" item_id="637" title="" style="text-decoration: none; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Cincinnati federal land office records</font></a></div><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></td></tr><tr><td class="lp_recent_img_cell" style="padding: 10px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15005coll36/id/636" item_id="636" title="" style="text-decoration: none; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000"><img class="lp_recent_img" src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getthumbnail/collection/p15005coll36/id/636" alt="Cincinnati federal land office records" style="border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); max-height: 110px; max-width: 110px;"></font></a></td><td class="lp_recent_spacer_cell" style="padding: 3px 2px; width: 40px;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></td><td class="lp_recent_img_cell" style="padding: 10px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15005coll36/id/635" item_id="635" title="" style="text-decoration: none; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000"><img class="lp_recent_img" src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getthumbnail/collection/p15005coll36/id/635" alt="Cincinnati federal land office records" style="border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); max-height: 110px; max-width: 110px;"></font></a></td></tr><tr><td class="lp_recent_link_cell line_breaker" style="padding: 3px 2px; word-wrap: break-word; vertical-align: top; max-width: 110px;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span><div class="recent_additions_title line_breaker" style="word-wrap: break-word; width: 110px; max-width: 110px;"><a href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15005coll36/id/636" class="body_link_11" item_id="636" title="" style="text-decoration: none; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Cincinnati federal land office records</font></a></div><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></td><td class="lp_recent_spacer_cell" style="padding: 3px 2px; width: 40px;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></td><td class="lp_recent_link_cell line_breaker" style="padding: 3px 2px; word-wrap: break-word; vertical-align: top; max-width: 110px;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span><div class="recent_additions_title line_breaker" style="word-wrap: break-word; width: 110px; max-width: 110px;"><a href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15005coll36/id/635" class="body_link_11" item_id="635" title="" style="text-decoration: none; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Cincinnati federal land office records</font></a></div><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></td></tr><tr><td class="lp_recent_img_cell" style="padding: 10px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15005coll36/id/634" item_id="634" title="" style="text-decoration: none; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000"><img class="lp_recent_img" src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getthumbnail/collection/p15005coll36/id/634" alt="Cincinnati federal land office records" style="border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); max-height: 110px; max-width: 110px;"></font></a></td><td class="lp_recent_spacer_cell" style="padding: 3px 2px; width: 40px;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></td><td class="lp_recent_img_cell" style="padding: 10px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"><a href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15005coll36/id/633" item_id="633" title="" style="text-decoration: none; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000"><img class="lp_recent_img" src="http://www.ohiomemory.org/utils/getthumbnail/collection/p15005coll36/id/633" alt="Cincinnati federal land office records" style="border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); max-height: 110px; max-width: 110px;"></font></a></td></tr><tr><td class="lp_recent_link_cell line_breaker" style="padding: 3px 2px; word-wrap: break-word; vertical-align: top; max-width: 110px;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span><div class="recent_additions_title line_breaker" style="word-wrap: break-word; width: 110px; max-width: 110px;"><a href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15005coll36/id/634" class="body_link_11" item_id="634" title="" style="text-decoration: none; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Cincinnati federal land office records</font></a></div><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></td><td class="lp_recent_spacer_cell" style="padding: 3px 2px; width: 40px;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></td><td class="lp_recent_link_cell line_breaker" style="padding: 3px 2px; word-wrap: break-word; vertical-align: top; max-width: 110px;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span><div class="recent_additions_title line_breaker" style="word-wrap: break-word; width: 110px; max-width: 110px;"><a href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15005coll36/id/633" class="body_link_11" item_id="633" title="" style="text-decoration: none; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Cincinnati federal land office records</font></a></div><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><span class="clear" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; visibility: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0px;"></span></div><span class="clear" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; visibility: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0px;"></span></div><span class="clear" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; visibility: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0px;"></span><div id="cdmFooterWrapper" class="spaceMar20T" style="margin-top: 20px; position: relative; top: 46px; left: 0px;"><div id="backToTopLink" class="float_left spaceMar20L" style="float: left; margin-left: 20px;"><a href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15005coll36#top" class="action_link_10" data-analytics="{"category":"navigation","action":"click","label":"Back to top link"}" style="text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Back to top</font></a></div><span class="clear" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; visibility: hidden; width: 0px; height: 0px;"></span><div id="nav_footer" style="height: 30px; width: 980px; border-style: solid; border-color: black; border-width: 1px 0px; margin: 18px 0px 0px; overflow: hidden;"><div id="nav_footer_left" style="float: left;"><ul class="nav" style="width: 932.265625px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; float: left;"><li class="nav_footer_li" style="display: inline; float: left;"><a href="http://www.ohiomemory.org/" style="text-decoration: none; height: 30px; border-right-width: 0px; padding: 8px 20px 0px; float: left;"><font color="#000000"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Product of the Ohio History Connection and the State Library of Ohio</span></font></a></li><li class="nav_footer_left_divider" style="width: 4px; height: 10px; padding-top: 3px; margin-left: -1px; display: inline; float: left;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">|</span></li><li class="nav_footer_li" style="display: inline; float: left;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistoryhost.org/ohiomemory/about" style="text-decoration: none; height: 30px; border-right-width: 0px; padding: 8px 20px 0px; float: left;"><font color="#000000"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Contact the Ohio History Connection</span></font></a></li><li class="nav_footer_left_divider" style="width: 4px; height: 10px; padding-top: 3px; margin-left: -1px; display: inline; float: left;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">|</span></li><li class="nav_footer_li" style="display: inline; float: left;"><a href="http://www.library.ohio.gov/StateLibrarian/contactus" style="text-decoration: none; height: 30px; border-right-width: 0px; padding: 8px 20px 0px; float: left;"><font color="#000000"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Contact the State Library of Ohio</span></font></a></li></ul></div><div id="nav_footer_right" style="float: right; margin-right: 10px;"><ul class="nav" style="width: 195.9375px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; float: left;"><li class="nav_footer_li" style="display: inline; float: left;"><a href="http://www.contentdm.org/" data-analytics="{"category":"navigation","action":"click","label":"Powered by CONTENTdm® link"}" style="text-decoration: none; height: 30px; border-right-width: 0px; padding: 8px 20px 0px; float: left;"><font color="#000000"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Powered by CONTENTdm®</span></font></a></li></ul></div><br></div></div></div>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-23108792955637134472016-01-11T02:05:00.001-05:002016-01-11T02:07:47.423-05:00OHC - Symmes...<div><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Symmes_Purchase</span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><div id="gumax-page" style="width: 882px; margin: 0px auto;"><div id="gumax-header" style="z-index: 100; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px 10px;"><div id="gumax-p-login" style="margin: 0px; padding: 7px 0px 5px; text-align: right; display: inline-block; float: right; vertical-align: top;"><ul style="text-align: start; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: auto;"><li id="pt-login" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-image: none; font-weight: bold; position: relative; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Symmes+Purchase" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 10px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Log in</a></li></ul></div><div id="SearchAndSocial" style="display: inline-block; position: absolute; top: 2.5em; right: 6%;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><div id="gumax-p-search" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"><div id="gumax-searchBody" style="position: relative; float: right; z-index: 3; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; height: 26px;"><form action="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Special:Search" id="searchform" style="text-align: start; border: none; margin: 0px;"><input id="searchInput" name="search" type="text" value="" autocomplete="off" placeholder="Search" style="direction: ltr; width: 15em; margin: 0px; height: 1.6em; border-color: rgb(119, 119, 119); vertical-align: middle; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;"> <input type="submit" name="go" class="searchButton" id="searchGoButton" value="Go" style="direction: ltr; margin-top: 1px; padding: 3px 0.5em; border: none; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; font-weight: bold;"> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" class="searchButton" id="mw-searchButton" value="Search" style="direction: ltr; margin-top: 1px; padding: 3px; border: none; cursor: pointer; height: 25px;"></form></div></div> <ul class="social-media-links-top" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"><li id="enews-top" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 26px; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistory.org/e-news" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/skins/gumaxdd/images/socialMediaIcons-top.png); display: inline-block; width: 26px; height: 26px; text-indent: -9999px; overflow: hidden; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Histore-news</a></li> <li id="facebook-top" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 26px; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/pages/Ohio-Historical-Society/22003234344" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/skins/gumaxdd/images/socialMediaIcons-top.png); display: inline-block; width: 26px; height: 26px; text-indent: -9999px; overflow: hidden; background-position: -28px 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Facebook</a></li> <li id="twitter-top" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 26px; display: inline-block;"><a href="https://twitter.com/ohiohistory" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/skins/gumaxdd/images/socialMediaIcons-top.png); display: inline-block; width: 26px; height: 26px; text-indent: -9999px; overflow: hidden; background-position: -54px 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Twitter</a></li> <li id="youtube-top" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 26px; display: inline-block;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/ohiohistory" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/skins/gumaxdd/images/socialMediaIcons-top.png); display: inline-block; width: 26px; height: 26px; text-indent: -9999px; overflow: hidden; background-position: -82px 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">YouTube</a></li></ul> <br></span><ul id="nav-quicklinks" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; float: right;"><li id="nav-donate" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 6px; padding: 0px; float: left;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/donate" style="text-align: start; text-decoration: none; width: 53px; padding: 2px; display: block; border: 1px solid rgb(214, 214, 214);"><font color="#000000"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">GIVE</span></font></a></li><li id="nav-join" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 6px; padding: 0px; float: left;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/membership" style="text-align: start; text-decoration: none; width: 53px; padding: 2px; display: block; border: 1px solid rgb(214, 214, 214);"><font color="#000000"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">JOIN</span></font></a></li><li id="nav-shop" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 6px; padding: 0px; float: left;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorystore.com/" style="text-align: start; text-decoration: none; width: 53px; padding: 2px; display: block; border: 1px solid rgb(214, 214, 214);"><font color="#000000"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">SHOP</span></font></a></li></ul></div><div id="gumax-p-logo" style="display: inline-block;"><div id="p-logo" style="top: 0px; left: 0px; position: relative; z-index: 200; height: 105px; width: 329px; overflow: visible; float: left; margin: 10px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Welcome_To_Ohio_History_Central" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: url(http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/skins/common/images/ohclogo.png); display: block; height: 105px; width: 329px; background-position: 0% 50% !important; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"></a></div></div></div><div id="gumax-p-navigation" style="position: relative; z-index: 900; margin-bottom: 10px;"><ul id="gumax-nav" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/skins/gumaxdd/arrow.gif); border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; position: relative; height: 3.35em;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; list-style: none; float: left; position: relative;"><a id="gumax-nav-heading" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Symmes_Purchase#" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; display: block; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px; line-height: 1;"><font color="#000000"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Navigation »</span></font></a></li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; list-style: none; float: left; position: relative;"><a id="gumax-nav-heading" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Symmes_Purchase#" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; display: block; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px; line-height: 1;"><font color="#000000"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Search »</span></font></a></li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: block; list-style: none; float: left; position: relative;"><a id="gumax-nav-heading" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Symmes_Purchase#" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; display: block; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px; line-height: 1;"><font color="#000000"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Browse »</span></font></a></li></ul></div><div style="clear: both;"></div><div class="gumax-p-navigation-spacer" style="height: 10px;"></div><div id="gumax-content-body" style="border: 1px solid rgb(227, 228, 229); padding: 20px; margin: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px;"><div class="gumax-firstHeading" style="padding-bottom: 2px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Symmes Purchase</span></div><div class="visualClear" style="clear: both;"></div><div id="content" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; position: static; z-index: 2; border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); line-height: 1.4em; clear: both; overflow-x: visible;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a name="top" id="top" style="background-image: none;"></a></span><div id="bodyContent" class="gumax-bodyContent" style="width: 840px;"><div id="contentSub" style="line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.4em; width: auto;"></div><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><table class="infobox" cellspacing="3" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing: 3px; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr class=""><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/File:Symmes_Purchase_map.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000"><img alt="Symmes Purchase map.jpg" src="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/images/2/24/Symmes_Purchase_map.jpg" width="300" height="300" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;"></font></a></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The Symmes Purchase was an early land division in the region of what would become Ohio.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">John Cleves Symmes, a Congressman and judge from New Jersey, created a company with several of his friends to buy land in the Northwest Territory between the Great Miami and Little Miami Rivers. This land came to be known as the Symmes Purchase. It was also known as the Miami Purchase. In 1788, Symmes and his associates requested one million acres of land from Congress. In the end, they were only allowed to purchase about 330,000 acres. President George Washington approved the land patent in 1794. Symmes and his partners paid approximately sixty-seven cents per acre. They were required to follow the same basic rules as the Ohio Company of Associates. Land had to be set aside for a school, for religion, and for the government's use. In addition, a large piece of land was also to be set aside for a university. Symmes ignored this requirement.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">A number of settlements were built in the Miami Purchase during the early years of the Northwest Territory. Along the Ohio River, settlers built a small community called Losantiville, which later became known as Cincinnati. The government built Fort Washington nearby to protect settlers from Native American attacks. Although the population in the region grew rapidly, Symmes and his associates faced some controversy. The investors chose not to follow the government survey system. This resulted in some confusion over property boundaries and land ownership. Symmes and his associates also founded the community of Dayton on land that was not part of the Miami Purchase. Numerous settlers in the Symmes Purchase had to pay for their property more than once. They initially purchased it from Symmes, and then, they had to buy it from the actual owner. The failure of Symmes to honor the United States Congress's provisions resulted in the federal government refusing to sell such large parcels of land to other private real estate speculators. Instead, the government surveyed the land and arranged the sale of the property directly to potential settlers.</span></p><h2 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170);"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_Also" style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">See Also</span></h2><div class="seeAlsoText" style="column-width: 250px; column-count: auto;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/skins/gumaxdd/arrow.gif);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/John_C._Symmes" title="John C. Symmes" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">John C. Symmes</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Fort_Washington" title="Fort Washington" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Fort Washington</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Northwest Territory</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio_Company_of_Associates" title="Ohio Company of Associates" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Ohio Company of Associates</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Miami_Purchase" title="Miami Purchase" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Miami Purchase</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Ohio River</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Cincinnati,_Ohio" title="Cincinnati, Ohio" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Cincinnati, Ohio</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Dayton, Ohio</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Arthur St. Clair</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio" title="Ohio" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font color="#000000">Ohio</font></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170);"><span class="mw-headline" id="References" style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">References</span></h2><div class="referencesText"><ol style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Bond, Beverley W., Jr., ed. <em>The Correspondence of John Cleves Symmes, founder of the Miami Purchase, chiefly from the collection</em><em></em><em>of Peter G. Thomson</em>. New York, NY: Macmillan Company, 1926.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Carter, Clarence Edwin, ed. <em>The Territorial Papers of the United States</em>. Vol. I-III. New York, NY: AMS Press, 1973.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Howe, Henry. <em>Historical Collections of Ohio in Two Volumes</em>. Vol. II. Cincinnati, OH: C.J. Krehbiel & Co., Printers and Binders, 1902.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Hurt, R. Douglas. <em>The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720-1830</em>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1996.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Onuf, Peter S. <em>Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance</em>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.</span></li></ol></div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><font color="#000000"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Categories</a>: <ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-style: none; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Category:History_Places" title="Category:History Places" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">History Places</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Category:Exploration_To_Statehood" title="Category:Exploration To Statehood" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Exploration To Statehood</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Category:Business_and_Industry" title="Category:Business and Industry" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Business and Industry</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Category:Government_and_Politics" title="Category:Government and Politics" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Government and Politics</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Category:Statehood" title="Category:Statehood" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Statehood</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Category:Frontier_Ohio" title="Category:Frontier Ohio" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Frontier Ohio</a></li></ul></span></font></div></div><div class="visualClear" style="clear: both;"></div></div></div></div><div class="gumax-footer-spacer" style="height: 10px;"></div><div id="gumax-footer" style="padding: 4px 5px; height: 20px; border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px;"><div id="gumax-special-tools"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><li id="t-whatlinkshere" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline; overflow: visible;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Special:WhatLinksHere/Symmes_Purchase" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; padding: 3px 5px;">What links here</a></li> <li id="t-recentchangeslinked" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline; overflow: visible;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Symmes_Purchase" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; padding: 3px 5px;">Related changes</a></li> <li id="t-specialpages" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline; overflow: visible;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Special:SpecialPages" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; padding: 3px 5px;">Special pages</a></li> <li id="t-print" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline; overflow: visible;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/index.php?title=Symmes_Purchase&printable=yes" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; padding: 3px 5px;">Printable version</a></li> <li id="t-permalink" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline; overflow: visible;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/index.php?title=Symmes_Purchase&oldid=29029" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; padding: 3px 5px;">Permanent link</a></li></span></ul></div></div><div id="gumax-credit-list" style="margin: 0px; padding: 7px; text-align: right;"><ul style="text-align: start; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: auto;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><li id="privacy" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio_History_Central:Privacy_policy" title="Ohio History Central:Privacy policy" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; padding: 3px 0px 3px 10px;">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="about" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio_History_Central:About" title="Ohio History Central:About" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; padding: 3px 0px 3px 10px;">About Ohio History Central</a></li> <li id="disclaimer" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; display: inline;"><a href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio_History_Central:General_disclaimer" title="Ohio History Central:General disclaimer" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; padding: 3px 0px 3px 10px;">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="f-poweredby" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; display: inline;"><a href="http://mediawiki.org/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; padding: 3px 0px 3px 10px;">Powered by MediaWiki</a></li> <li id="f-designedby" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; display: inline;"><a href="http://paulgu.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; padding: 3px 0px 3px 10px;">Designed by Paul Gu</a></li></span></ul><div><br></div></div></div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250); clear: both;"></div></div>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-51833295046977905042016-01-11T02:02:00.001-05:002016-01-11T02:02:10.261-05:00Summers... Land survey...<div><br></div><div>http://www.surveyhistory.org/symmes_purchase.htm</div><div><br></div><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="border-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><img src="http://www.surveyhistory.org/_derived/symmes_purchase.htm_cmp_copy-of-topo2-2-010_bnr.gif" width="600" height="60" border="0" alt="Symmes Purchase"></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="http://www.surveyhistory.org/surveyor's_chain.htm" language="JavaScript"><img src="http://www.surveyhistory.org/_derived/back_cmp_copy-of-topo2-2-010_back.gif" width="100" height="20" border="0" alt="Back" align="middle" name="MSFPnav1"></a> <a href="http://www.surveyhistory.org/" language="JavaScript"><img src="http://www.surveyhistory.org/_derived/home_cmp_copy-of-topo2-2-010_home.gif" width="100" height="20" border="0" alt="Home" align="middle" name="MSFPnav2"></a> <a href="http://www.surveyhistory.org/tacheometer1.htm" language="JavaScript"><img src="http://www.surveyhistory.org/_derived/next_cmp_copy-of-topo2-2-010_next.gif" width="100" height="20" border="0" alt="Next" align="middle" name="MSFPnav3"></a></span></font></p></td></tr></tbody></table><table dir="ltr" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="border-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" style="border-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><div align="center"><center><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="54%" style="text-align: start; border-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><tbody><tr><td width="98%" style="border-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><p style="text-align: center;"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><img border="0" src="http://www.surveyhistory.org/images/backsightsm.JPG" align="middle" width="135" height="36"> Article taken from "Backsights" Magazine published by Surveyors Historical Society</span></font></p></td></tr></tbody></table></center></div><hr style="height: 2px;"><p align="center" style="text-align: start; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><b style="font-size: 17px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif">THE SYMMES PURCHASE</font></b></p><p align="center" style="text-align: start; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><i style="font-size: 17px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif">by C. Albert White</font></i></p><p align="left"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">John Cleve Symmes, from New Jersey, contributed much of his private resources in support of the Continental Army during the Revolution. He held a large quantity of certificates of indebtedness and wanted to turn them into something of value, namely, real estate. Symmes proposed to purchase the lands between the Great and Little Miami Rivers in southwestern Ohio for about the same terms given the Ohio Company, except that only one township was reserved for an academy. Although Symmes jumped the gun and began settlement before a contract was concluded, which made Congress angry, he finally got a contract for one million acres on October 15, 1788. The east boundary of the tract was supposed to be parallel to the Great Miami, beginning at a point 20 miles up the Ohio from the mouth of that stream. It was impossible to determine a boundary of that description so Symmes began in late 1788 to survey all the lands between both Miami rivers. Symmes' principal surveyor, Israel Ludlow, ran an east-west base line between the Miamis through what is now Fractional Range 2, setting corners every mile. Symmes directed the assistant surveyors to run lines north and south on a magnetic meridian from each of Ludlow's mile posts, setting corners at one-mile intervals on the meridional lines but not to tie across with east-west lines. The purchasers would have to pay for surveying the east-west lines. By this scheme, Symmes would only pay the cost of surveying half the section lines but all four corners would have been established by him. The townships were not numbered in reference to Ludlow's base line, but it ran east-west and the ranges were thus numbered north from the Ohio River. The first townships on the Ohio are fractional and are called "Fractional Range 1". The second row is called "Fractional Range 2", with the third and first full townships called just "Range 1", followed by Range 2, Range 3, and so on. The townships are numbered east from the Great Miami River. the Between the Miamis surveys are the only place in the United States where ranges are numbered north-south and the townships are numbered in an east-west direction.</span></font></p><p align="left"><font color="#000000" face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="http://www.surveyhistory.org/images/symmes.JPG"><img border="2" src="http://www.surveyhistory.org/images/symmes_small.JPG" alt="symmes.JPG (101113 bytes)" align="right" width="196" height="200"></a>Gross distortions resulted when the purchases hired surveyors to run the east-west lines to form the north and south boundaries of the sections tying between the corners established on the meridional lines. The supposed northwest corner of a section might be 15 to 20 chains or more, north or south of the northeast corner of the same section. The longitudinal distances between corners were also grossly in error. A purchaser of a full section might have 100 acres more or less than he was to pay for. This type of distortion was clearly in violation of the Land Ordinance which said that the east-west lines should cross the north-south lines at "right angles as near may be". The numbering of the ranges north-south was also technically in violation of the Ordinance. Even though many purchasers already occupied their lands according the original corners. Symmes ordered his surveyors to carefully rerun the meridian line which intersected the Ohio opposite the mouth of the Licking River in Kentucky and set new corners every mile. He called this new line a "standard". The purchasers were to then run east-west lines from the new corners on the standard and set their section corners at intersections with the old meridional lines, which created even more conflicts and problems. Eventually the Ohio Supreme Court ruled that the original corners controlled regardless of distortions.</span></font></p><p align="left"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Symmes began to run into financial difficulties and couldn't pay for the lands he contracted to purchase. He also had his surveyors at work north of the land he had paid for and was in effect selling land he did not own. Symmes eventually received a patent to the lands as far north as the north boundary of Range III. The government in later years honored the claims of purchasers north of that line and patented the lands to them under the Act of March 2, 1799, 1 Stat. 728, and supplemental acts.</span></font></p><p align="left"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The Symmes Purchase was so badly managed and the surveys so poor that it effectively killed any further large land sales by Congress. It brought out the need for proper surveys, executed by the government, and the fixing in position, by law, of survey corners and lines once claims were mad based on them. Though Symmes had used a base line to begin the surveys, it was not used to control township and range numbers. The use of natural boundaries such as the Ohio and Great Miami Rivers was obviously defective, but for the time being the surveys were locked into what already was the practice. But even as bad as the surveys in the Symmes Purchase were, they proved to be far superior to the metes and bounds system and indiscriminate locations. There are no known field notes and very few plats of the surveys within the Symmes Purchase, as most of the records were destroyed when Symmes' house burned at North Bend, Ohio in 1810. In later years, the Surveyor General was able to find some scattered records which were in the hands of local and county surveyors.</span></font></p><p align="left"><i style="font-size: 17px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif">From <u>A History of the Rectangular Survey System</u>, by C. Albert White, U. S. Dept of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Washington D. C., 1982.</font></i></p><p align="left"><font face="Helvetica Neue Light, HelveticaNeue-Light, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 17px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></font></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-16772767946095955102016-01-10T21:33:00.001-05:002016-01-10T21:37:40.276-05:00Ohio in the War - Camp Colerain...<div><br></div><div><a href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=WCRXAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=colerain+earthworks&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2xs3hkLLJAhVYwGMKHXB_AY84FBDoAQg5MAQ#v=onepage&q=Colerain&f=false">https://books.google.ca/books?id=WCRXAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=colerain+earthworks&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2xs3hkLLJAhVYwGMKHXB_AY84FBDoAQg5MAQ#v=onepage&q=Colerain&f=false</a></div><div><br></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-r-XUg3jmUfQ/VpMVc6Nl2ZI/AAAAAAAAcoc/jskx70UIcHw/s640/blogger-image-112757099.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-r-XUg3jmUfQ/VpMVc6Nl2ZI/AAAAAAAAcoc/jskx70UIcHw/s640/blogger-image-112757099.jpg"></a></div><br></div>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-56953334647260887152015-08-06T20:46:00.000-04:002015-08-06T20:46:01.398-04:00Mourning Dove...<div class="clearfix" id="sp-slide1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; border: 0px; color: #361808; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="sp-inner clearfix" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="custom" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="" height="49" src="http://iloveancestry.com/images/titles/american-indians-title.png" style="border: none; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="640" /></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: small; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" height="12" src="http://iloveancestry.com/images/bullet1.png" style="border: none; font-size: 16px; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://iloveancestry.com/ancestors/indigenous-native-american-indians" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="American Indian Ancestors">American Indians</a> <img alt="" height="12" src="http://iloveancestry.com/images/bullet1.png" style="border: none; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /> </span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: helvetica; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://iloveancestry.com/ancestors/afro-black-african-americans" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Black American Ancestors">Black Americans</a> <img alt="" height="12" src="http://iloveancestry.com/images/bullet1.png" style="border: none; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /> <a href="http://iloveancestry.com/ancestors/afro-native-african-black-american-indians" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Black Indian Ancestors">Black Indians</a> <img alt="" height="12" src="http://iloveancestry.com/images/bullet1.png" style="border: none; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /> <a href="http://iloveancestry.com/ancestors/caucasian-white-anglo-american" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="European American Ancestors">European Americans</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="clearfix" id="sp-user-top" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; border: 0px; color: #361808; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="sp-inner clearfix" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="module" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="mod-wrapper clearfix" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="mod-content clearfix" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="mod-inner clearfix" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<form action="http://iloveancestry.com/" class="light" id="rokajaxsearch" method="get" name="rokajaxsearch" style="border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="rokajaxsearch " style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="roksearch-wrapper" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<input autocomplete="off" class="inputbox roksearch_search_str" id="roksearch_search_str" name="searchword" placeholder="Search by Keyword, Full Name" style="background-color: #443008; background-image: url(http://iloveancestry.com/modules/mod_rokajaxsearch/themes/light/search-icon.png); background-position: 98% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-color: rgb(223, 223, 223); color: white; float: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 6px; width: 280px !important;" type="text" /></div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gap" style="border: 0px; clear: both; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="clr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #361808; float: none; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: hidden; width: 0px;">
</div>
<div class="clearfix" id="inner_content" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; border: 0px; color: #361808; float: left; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 480.46875px;">
<div class="sp-component-area clearfix" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="sp-inner clearfix" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div id="system-message-container" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="sp-component-area-inner clearfix" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span id="startOfPageId210" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><div class="itemView" id="k2Container" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(218, 218, 218); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 24px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="itemHeader" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h1 class="itemTitle" style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 26px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px !important; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 4px !important; vertical-align: baseline;">
Mourning Dove aka Christal Quintasket (1888 - 1936)</h1>
</div>
<div class="itemToolbar" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-top-style: dotted; border-width: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<ul style="border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;"></ul>
<div class="clr" style="border: 0px; clear: both; float: none; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: hidden; width: 0px;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="itemBody" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="itemImageBlock" style="border: 0px; float: left; height: auto; margin: 1px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 355px;">
<span class="itemImage" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="modal modal_link cboxElement" data-modal-title="97D2860871F3D35E35F6Eb0477D3015A Xl" href="http://iloveancestry.com/media/k2/items/cache/97d2860871f3d35e35f6eb0477d3015a_XL.jpg" rel="{handler: 'image'}" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Click to preview image"><img alt="Author Mourning Dove aka Christal Quintasket (1888 - August 6, 1936)" src="http://iloveancestry.com/media/k2/items/cache/97d2860871f3d35e35f6eb0477d3015a_L.jpg" style="border: 0px solid rgb(224, 224, 224); height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 350px;" /></a></span><span class="itemImageCaption" style="border: 0px; color: #666666; display: block; float: left; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Author Mourning Dove aka Christal Quintasket (1888 - August 6, 1936)</span><div class="clr" style="border: 0px; clear: both; float: none; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: hidden; width: 0px;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="itemIntroText" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: small; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Compiled from "Cogewea, The Half-Blood" by Christal Quinstaket (Mourning Dove) and RootsWeb.</strong></span></em></span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mourning Dove aka Christal Quintasket (1888 - August 6, 1936) was a Salish author and best known for her 1927 novel "Cogewea the Half-Blood: A Depiction of the Great Montana Cattle Range", which tells the story of Cogewea, a mixed-blood ranch woman on the Flathead Indian Reservation. Mourning Dove was born in a canoe on the Kootenai River, near Bonner's Ferry, Idaho,in 1888.<br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="itemFullText" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The meaning of her indigenous name Hum-ishu-ma was lost to her and she later concluded its English translation as Morning Dove was a contrivance. Women within the Okanogon tribes of Washington State and the Okanagans in southern British Columbia were not traditionally named after birds or animals.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"...Everything on the earth has a purpose, every disease an herb to cure it, and every person a mission. This is the indian theory of existence" ~Christal Quintasket</span><br /></span></em></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"There are two things I am most grateful for in my life," Mourning Dove later wrote, "The first is that I was born a descendant of the genuine Americans, the Indians; the second, that my birth happened in the year 1888. In that year the Indians of my tribe, the Colvile (Swy-ayl-puh), were well into the cycle of history involving their readjustment in living conditions. They were in a pathetic state of turmoil caused by trying to learn how to till the soil for a living, which was being done on a very small and crude scale. It was no easy matter for members of this aboriginal stock, accustomed to making a different livelihood (by the bow and arrow), to handle the plow and sow seed for food. Yet I was born long enough ago to have known people who lived in the ancient way before everything started to change."<br /></span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"We are between two fires, the Red and the White... We are maligned and traduced as no one but we of the despised breeds can know." ~Mourning Dove, in Cogewea, The Half-Blood<br /></span></em></span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"The whiteman must have invented the name for it," she wrote in a letter in 1926. Morning Dove altered the spelling of her pen name to Mourning Dove after visiting a Spokane bird exhibit around 1921 and seeing a mounted bird that was labeled mourning dove. "I have made a sad mistake," she wrote. "I have misspelt my name. I found out at the museum."</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">According to her memoirs, Mourning Dove initially knew herself as Christal Quintasket but this name was incorrectly recorded by the Bureau of Indian Affairs as Christine Quintasket. Mourning Dove used the surname Quintasket because her father Joseph, orphaned at age nine, had apparently accepted the name of an Aboriginal stepfather. Initially the Quintaskets followed seasonal migration patterns, bringing horses north to Osoyoos Lake each year.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Two members of Mourning Dove's extended family were important to her in her formative years. From Jimmy Ryan, a 13-year-old white runaway orphan brought home and raised as a son by her father, she learned the alphabet and the pleasures of reading penny-dreadful novels.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"I could spell the word Kentucky before I ever had a primer because it occurred frequently in the novel Jimmy taught me from," she recalled. From Long Theresa or Teequalt, an elderly woman found wandering in the bush and waiting to die, Mourning Dove received her pubertal training and spiritual guidance (after Teequalt had been persuaded to join their family).</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teequalt would later serve Mourning Dove as the model for the second-most important character in her novel.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mourning Dove recalled, "She was twelve when she first heard of the new people [whites] coming into our country in boats instead of canoes. When my parents went for game or berries, we children took care of her. We prepared meals according to her instructions, then we would sit at her feet and listen to her wonderful stories."</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">At age seven, as Christal Quintasket, Mourning Dove was placed in the Sacred Heart School at the Goodwin Mission in Ward, near Kettle Falls, Washington. There she was cruelly treated by nuns who punished her for speaking only Salishan.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">After being sent home, she returned and took her first communion in 1899. "My second stay at the school was less traumatic," she recalled. "I was anxious to learn more English and read." When government funding for Aboriginal schools was rescinded, she and her classmates were moved to a school at Fort Spokane.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In 1902, at age 14, she was sent home again, this time to look after her four younger sisters and two younger brothers after her mother died, supposedly as the result of sorcery involving the skewered body of a dried black toad. Two of her sisters died. "I began secretly to read Jimmy's books," she recalled.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"My parents scolded and rebuked me many times because they thought reading was an excuse for being idle." Upon her father's remarriage, Mourning Dove was sent to another school for Aboriginals in Great Falls, Montana where she witnessed the last roundup of the buffalo herd in 1908.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">There she married Hector McLeod, a Flathead who mostly proved himself to be an abusive husband. Having had his arm shot off by a bootlegger, Hector McLeod was later shot to death during a card game in Shurz, Nevada in 1937.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In her late teens, Mourning Dove went to live with her maternal grandmother of the Okanogan tribe, mainly situated today in the western part of the Colville Reservation, near the Columbia and Okanogan Rivers and the Canadian border.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">From this grandmother she learned the power of Okanogan storytelling but Mourning Dove's exposure to western pulp novels equally influenced her own approach to writing fiction. In particular, she was motivated by a 1909 novel by Theresa Broderick entitled The Brand: A Tale of the Flathead Reservation.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">By 1912 Mourning Dove was living in Portland and writing her novel, frustrated by her difficulties with English. Eager for advancement, she enrolled herself in typing and writing courses at a business college in Calgary, Alberta between 1913 and 1915. Thereafter she taught school at the Inkameep Indian Reserve at Oliver, B.C. where she saved enough of her salary to buy herself a typewriter.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mourning Dove's literary aspirations were heightened when she met her mentor, editor and co-writer Lucullus Virgil McWhorter at Walla Walla Frontier Days in Washington State, probably in 1915. An ethnologist who was adopted into the Yakima tribe after his vigorous defence of their irrigation rights, McWhorter was a sincere student of Aboriginal cultures who had received the honorary name He-mene Ka-wan, meaning "Old Wolf."</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Also the founder of American Archaeologist, McWhorter had moved to a Washington State homestead from his native West Virginia in 1903. A mutual friend named J.W. Langdon advised Mourning Dove to pursue McWhorter's collaboration. While she re-worked her novel-in-progress and he added his own didactic passages to it, McWhorter encouraged her to gather more stories from the Okanogans.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">By 1916 Mourning Dove was eagerly anticipating publication of her novel. It was to be entitled Cogewea but ultimately it was spelled Co-ge-we-a on its title page. Publication, as arranged by McWhorter, was long-delayed, partially due to World War I.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mourning Dove became an advisor to local chiefs until she married Fred Galler, a Wenatchee, in 1919. Although this marriage was more successful than her first, her subsequent domestic life as an itinerant fruit and vegetable picker proved extremely difficult.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Childless, she lugged her typewriter with her, camping out in hop fields and apple orchards, exhausted much of the time. Mourning Dove had to wait 15 years after meeting McWhorter before her long-in-progress novel Cogewea, The Half Blood: A Depiction of the Great Montana Cattle Range was finally published.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The title and subtitle are misleading. Although it included her recollection of the final buffalo roundup, the novel mainly concerns three sisters. Mary is traditional, Julia has assimilated into white culture and the halfblood Cogewea seeks a compromise between two cultures.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Despite some recognition that arose with the release of Cogewea, Mourning Dove's life remained harsh. Her status as an Aboriginal novelist and her ownership of a Ford jalopy didn't prevent her from suffering pneumonia, rheumatism and other illnesses that arose from exhaustion.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Increasingly active in Aboriginal politics, she gave public talks, started social organizations such as the Colville Indian Association, and secured monies owed to the tribe, but the only formal recognition she received for her writing was an honorary membership in the Eastern Washington State Historical Society.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Again with McWhorter's assistance, Mourning Dove's Coyote Stories (1933) appeared with credit for editing and illustrations accorded to Heister Dean Guie. Neither McWhorter nor Heister Dean Guie fully trusted Mourning Dove as an authority on Okanogan culture but she was allowed to provide an introduction that placed her work in an Okanogan context.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A foreword by Chief Standing Bear was added by her editors because he was having contemporaneous success with his own books about the Sioux. Coyote Stories contains stories such as "The Spirit Chief Names the Animal People" about the coyote tradition and the concept of power emanating from the Sweat House ritual.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">McWhorter would indirectly play a role in the publication of Mourning Dove's only other book, Mourning Dove: A Salishan Autobiography, (1990), edited by Jay Miller, after her manuscript for the memoir was discovered by McWhorter's widow almost a half-century after her death.</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In July of 1936, Mourning Dove was taken to the state hospital at Medical Lake in Washington State where she died after one week at age 48. The death certificate stated the cause of death was exhaustion from manic depression. For decades her gravestone in Okanogan, Washington said only "Mrs. Fred Galler." It now reads, "Mourning Dove / Colville Author / 1884-1936."<br /></span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: small; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://eepurl.com/CLJan" rel="alternate" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="Subscribe to I Love Ancestry eNews"><img alt="" src="http://iloveancestry.com/images/enews-banner.png" style="border: none; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /><br /></a></span></em></div>
<div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-size: small; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">SOURCE: <strong style="border: 0px; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Compiled from "Cogewea, The Half-Blood" by Christal Quinstaket (Mourning Dove) and <a href="http://boards.rootsweb.com/localities.northam.usa.states.oklahoma.prestatehood.oklaterr1900.unassignedlands/186/mb.ashx" rel="alternate" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">RootsWeb</a></strong></span></em></div>
</div>
<div class="clr" style="border: 0px; clear: both; float: none; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: hidden; width: 0px;">
</div>
<div class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a class="addthis_button_facebook_like at300b" fb:like:layout="button_count" href="" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; cursor: pointer; float: left; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"><div class="fb-like fb_iframe_widget fb_iframe_widget_fluid" data-action="like" data-font="arial" data-href="http://iloveancestry.com/ancestors/indigenous-native-american-indians/item/210-mourning-dove-christal-quintasket-salish-author-cogewea-the-half-blood" data-layout="button_count" data-ref=".VcP-9_uw72A.like" data-send="false" data-share="false" data-show_faces="false" data-width="90" fb-iframe-plugin-query="action=like&app_id=172525162793917&container_width=0&font=arial&href=http%3A%2F%2Filoveancestry.com%2Fancestors%2Findigenous-native-american-indians%2Fitem%2F210-mourning-dove-christal-quintasket-salish-author-cogewea-the-half-blood&layout=button_count&locale=en_US&ref=.VcP-9_uw72A.like&sdk=joey&send=false&share=false&show_faces=false&width=90" fb-xfbml-state="rendered" style="border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: justify; vertical-align: bottom; width: 81px;"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" allowtransparency="true" class="" frameborder="0" height="1000px" name="f1ed65a00" scrolling="no" src="http://www.facebook.com/v2.0/plugins/like.php?action=like&app_id=172525162793917&channel=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.ak.facebook.com%2Fconnect%2Fxd_arbiter%2FBhKMRj1sUPu.js%3Fversion%3D41%23cb%3Df174962eb%26domain%3Diloveancestry.com%26origin%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Filoveancestry.com%252Ff36d767e6%26relation%3Dparent.parent&container_width=0&font=arial&href=http%3A%2F%2Filoveancestry.com%2Fancestors%2Findigenous-native-american-indians%2Fitem%2F210-mourning-dove-christal-quintasket-salish-author-cogewea-the-half-blood&layout=button_count&locale=en_US&ref=.VcP-9_uw72A.like&sdk=joey&send=false&share=false&show_faces=false&width=90" style="border-style: none; height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; width: 81px;" title="fb:like Facebook Social Plugin" width="90px"></iframe></span></div>
</a><a class="addthis_button_tweet at300b" href="" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; cursor: pointer; float: left; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"><iframe allowtransparency="true" class="twitter-share-button twitter-tweet-button twitter-share-button twitter-count-horizontal" data-twttr-rendered="true" frameborder="0" id="twitter-widget-0" scrolling="no" src="http://platform.twitter.com/widgets/tweet_button.bd0320cab493e168513c7173184c1d5c.en.html#_=1438908153163&count=horizontal&counturl=http%3A%2F%2Filoveancestry.com%2Fancestors%2Findigenous-native-american-indians%2Fitem%2F210-mourning-dove-christal-quintasket-salish-author-cogewea-the-half-blood&dnt=false&id=twitter-widget-0&lang=en&original_referer=http%3A%2F%2Filoveancestry.com%2Fancestors%2Findigenous-native-american-indians%2Fitem%2F210-mourning-dove-christal-quintasket-salish-author-cogewea-the-half-blood&size=m&text=Mourning%20Dove%20aka%20Christal%20Quintasket%20(1888%20-%201936)%3A&url=http%3A%2F%2Filoveancestry.com%2Fancestors%2Findigenous-native-american-indians%2Fitem%2F210-mourning-dove-christal-quintasket-salish-author-cogewea-the-half-blood%23.VcP-90eMJKw.twitter" style="border-style: none; height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; width: 77px;" title="Twitter Tweet Button"></iframe></a><a class="addthis_button_google_plusone at300b" g:plusone:size="medium" href="" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; cursor: pointer; float: left; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"><div id="___plusone_0" style="border: 0px none; display: inline-block; float: none; font-size: 1px; height: 20px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 90px;">
<iframe data-gapiattached="true" frameborder="0" hspace="0" id="I0_1438908152869" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="I0_1438908152869" scrolling="no" src="https://apis.google.com/se/0/_/+1/fastbutton?usegapi=1&size=medium&origin=http%3A%2F%2Filoveancestry.com&url=http%3A%2F%2Filoveancestry.com%2Fancestors%2Findigenous-native-american-indians%2Fitem%2F210-mourning-dove-christal-quintasket-salish-author-cogewea-the-half-blood&gsrc=3p&ic=1&jsh=m%3B%2F_%2Fscs%2Fapps-static%2F_%2Fjs%2Fk%3Doz.gapi.en_GB.7LaXTR2GQe8.O%2Fm%3D__features__%2Fam%3DAQ%2Frt%3Dj%2Fd%3D1%2Ft%3Dzcms%2Frs%3DAGLTcCOyt6iUQ0bgUn9tN65ZhJW61FU4Dg#_methods=onPlusOne%2C_ready%2C_close%2C_open%2C_resizeMe%2C_renderstart%2Concircled%2Cdrefresh%2Cerefresh&id=I0_1438908152869&parent=http%3A%2F%2Filoveancestry.com&pfname=&rpctoken=28761339" style="border-style: none; height: 20px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; width: 90px;" tabindex="0" title="+1" vspace="0" width="100%"></iframe></div>
</a><a class="addthis_button_linkedin_counter at300b" href="" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; cursor: pointer; float: left; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"><iframe allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" role="presentation" scrollbars="no" scrolling="no" src="http://s7.addthis.com/static/linkedin.3bdbf168.html#href=http%3A%2F%2Filoveancestry.com%2Fancestors%2Findigenous-native-american-indians%2Fitem%2F210-mourning-dove-christal-quintasket-salish-author-cogewea-the-half-blood&dr=http%3A%2F%2Fm.facebook.com&conf=product%3Dtbx-300%26username%3Dra-528c5f48793c6e96%26pubid%3Dra-528c5f48793c6e96&share=imp_url%3D0%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Filoveancestry.com%252Fancestors%252Findigenous-native-american-indians%252Fitem%252F210-mourning-dove-christal-quintasket-salish-author-cogewea-the-half-blood%26title%3DMourning%252520Dove%252520aka%252520Christal%252520Quintasket%252520(1888%252520-%2525201936)%26passthrough%3Dpinterest_share%253Dmedia%25253Dhttp%2525253A%2525252F%2525252Filoveancestry.com%2525252Fmedia%2525252Fk2%2525252Fitems%2525252Fcache%2525252F97d2860871f3d35e35f6eb0477d3015a_XS.jpg%252526url%25253Dhttp%2525253A%2525252F%2525252Filoveancestry.com%2525252Fancestors%2525252Findigenous-native-american-indians%2525252Fitem%2525252F210-mourning-dove-christal-quintasket-salish-author-cogewea-the-half-blood%252526description%25253DMourning%25252520Dove%25252520aka%25252520Christal%25252520Quintasket%25252520(1888%25252520-%252525201936)%2526linkedin%253Dcounter%25253Dhorizontal%26smd%3Drsi%253D%2526rxi%253Dundefined%2526gen%253D0%2526rsc%253D%2526dr%253Dhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fm.facebook.com%2526sta%253DAT-ra-528c5f48793c6e96%25252F-%25252F-%25252F55c3fef7db1b43d8%25252F1&li=counter%3Dhorizontal" style="border-style: none; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 100px;" title="AddThis | LinkedIn Button"></iframe></a><a class="addthis_counter addthis_pill_style addthis_nonzero" href="http://iloveancestry.com/ancestors/indigenous-native-american-indians/item/210-mourning-dove-christal-quintasket-salish-author-cogewea-the-half-blood#" style="border: 0px; color: white; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; float: left; font-weight: 700; height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;"></a><a class="atc_s addthis_button_compact" href="" style="-webkit-transition: none; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: black; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: left; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif !important; height: 20px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 50px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></a><a class="addthis_button_expanded" href="http://iloveancestry.com/ancestors/indigenous-native-american-indians/item/210-mourning-dove-christal-quintasket-salish-author-cogewea-the-half-blood#" style="-webkit-transition: none; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0px -114px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333333; display: block !important; float: left; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 11px; font-weight: 700; height: 20px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none !important; transition: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 34px !important;" target="_blank" title="View more services">5</a><div class="atclear" style="border: 0px; clear: both; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="itemContentFooter" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="itemHits" style="border: 0px; color: rgb(166, 166, 166) !important; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; margin: -17px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Read <b style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1521</b> times </span><div class="clr" style="border: 0px; clear: both; float: none; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: hidden; width: 0px;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="clr" style="border: 0px; clear: both; float: none; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: hidden; width: 0px;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="itemLinks" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 16px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="itemCategory" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(218, 218, 218); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 4px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Published in</span> <a href="http://iloveancestry.com/ancestors/indigenous-native-american-indians" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">American Indian Ancestors</a></div>
<div class="clr" style="border: 0px; clear: both; float: none; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: hidden; width: 0px;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="itemAuthorLatest" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 0px 0px 16px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 225.625px;">
<h3 style="border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0.7em 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Latest from I Love Ancestry</h3>
<ul style="border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0.7em 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li class="even" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(218, 218, 218); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://iloveancestry.com/bridgingthegap/personal-stories/item/262-personal-story-art-vs-identity-politics-by-ishmael-elias" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Art vs. Identity Politics by Ishmael Elias. Personal Story</a></li>
<li class="odd" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(218, 218, 218); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://iloveancestry.com/americatoday/afro-native-truth/item/261-jihan-gearon-indigenous-peoples-rights-advocate-black-mesa-water-coalition" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Jihan Gearon, Indigenous Peoples Rights Advocate</a></li>
<li class="even" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(218, 218, 218); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://iloveancestry.com/bridgingthegap/causes/item/260-native-american-healing-prayer-fans-project-miami-william-snellgrove-love-cures" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Healing Prayer Fan Project. The Gift of Love Cures!</a></li>
<li class="odd" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(218, 218, 218); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://iloveancestry.com/bridgingthegap/personal-stories/item/259-wayne-william-snellgrove-modern-day-cultural-genocide-survivor-walking-the-red-road-to-freedom" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Cultural Genocide Survivor Walking The Red Road</a></li>
<li class="even" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(218, 218, 218); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://iloveancestry.com/americatoday/indian-country/item/258-indian-voices-native-american-newspaper-san-diego-california-journalist-publisher-rose-davis" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Indian Voices, Rose Davis, Native American Newspaper</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="clr" style="border: 0px; clear: both; float: none; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: hidden; width: 0px;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="itemRelated" style="border: 0px; float: right; margin: 0px 0px 16px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 225.625px;">
<h3 style="border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0.7em 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Related items</h3>
<ul style="border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0.7em 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li class="even" style="background-image: url(http://iloveancestry.com/templates/shaper_news_ii/images/typo/bullet.gif); background-position: 0px 6px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(218, 218, 218); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="itemRelTitle" href="http://iloveancestry.com/americatoday/indian-country/item/234-dana-lone-hill-oglala-lakota-writer-author-activist-pointing-with-lips" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dana Lone Hill, An Inspiring Lakota Writer, Activist</a><div class="itemRelCat" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
in <a href="http://iloveancestry.com/americatoday/indian-country" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Indian Country</a></div>
</li>
<li class="odd" style="background-image: url(http://iloveancestry.com/templates/shaper_news_ii/images/typo/bullet.gif); background-position: 0px 6px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(218, 218, 218); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="itemRelTitle" href="http://iloveancestry.com/ancestors/indigenous-native-american-indians/item/224-mary-brave-bird-activist-author-of-lakota-woman" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mary Brave Bird, Author and Activist (1954 - 2013)</a><div class="itemRelCat" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
in <a href="http://iloveancestry.com/ancestors/indigenous-native-american-indians" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">American Indian Ancestors</a></div>
</li>
<li class="even" style="background-image: url(http://iloveancestry.com/templates/shaper_news_ii/images/typo/bullet.gif); background-position: 0px 6px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(218, 218, 218); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="itemRelTitle" href="http://iloveancestry.com/bridgingthegap/personal-stories/item/183-carlton-mackey-raising-a-biracial-son-50-shades-of-black" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Carlton Mackey and Raising a Biracial Son</a><div class="itemRelCat" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
in <a href="http://iloveancestry.com/bridgingthegap/personal-stories" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Personal Stories</a></div>
</li>
<li class="clr" style="background-image: url(http://iloveancestry.com/templates/shaper_news_ii/images/typo/bullet.gif); background-position: 0px 6px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; float: none; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: hidden; width: 0px;"></li>
</ul>
<div class="clr" style="border: 0px; clear: both; float: none; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: hidden; width: 0px;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="clr" style="border: 0px; clear: both; float: none; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: hidden; width: 0px;">
</div>
<div class="itemBackToTop" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a class="k2Anchor" href="http://iloveancestry.com/ancestors/indigenous-native-american-indians/item/210-mourning-dove-christal-quintasket-salish-author-cogewea-the-half-blood#startOfPageId210" style="border: 0px; color: #9d0201; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">back to top</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-10566656916719375082015-07-12T11:34:00.000-04:002015-07-12T11:35:26.707-04:00Blood quantum...<a href="http://www.native-languages.org/blood.htm">http://www.native-languages.org/blood.htm</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<div align="center" style="text-align: start;">
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><b>Index of <a href="http://www.native-languages.org/">American Indian languages</a></b> <img alt="*" src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot7.gif" /> <b>Index of <a href="http://www.native-languages.org/home.htm">American Indian cultures</a></b> <img alt="*" src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot7.gif" /> <b><a href="http://www.native-languages.org/new.htm">What's new</a> on our site today!</b></span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: start;">
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><img src="http://www.native-languages.org/bluerule.gif" /></span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="text-align: start;">
<ins id="aswift_0_expand" style="border: none; display: inline-table; height: 15px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 728px;"><ins id="aswift_0_anchor" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); border: none; display: block; height: 15px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 728px;"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="15" hspace="0" id="aswift_0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_0" scrolling="no" style="left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px;" vspace="0" width="728"></iframe></ins></ins></div>
<h1 align="CENTER" style="text-align: start;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Measuring Blood: The American Indian Blood Quantum</span></span></h1>
<div align="LEFT">
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><b>Question:</b> What is a "blood quantum," and why do American Indians argue about it so much?<br /><br />Well, the way the government defines whether someone is a "real" Indian or not is they measure their blood. They have some arcane way of doing this by dividing the number of generations since all your ancestors were pure-blood by the number of marriages with people who aren't pure-blood. By their counting, I think I'm 7/8 Indian. Some of it is Muskogee, but they don't care about that. They're just trying to see how close we are or are not to white. We argue about this so much because nobody likes it. It's a really bad way to define somebody's culture and almost everyone agrees on that, but everyone can't agree on a better way, so there's a lot of complaining and it doesn't change.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br />Basically, there are four problems with this. One, it puts pressure on Indians not to marry white people or their children will lose their heritage, and that bothers a lot of people. Two, it means that if some of your ancestors aren't in the records, you can be denied being an Indian. Three, it's wrong for outsiders to tell you if you can or can't belong to an ethnic group. Nobody makes African-Americans prove their entire family line and apply for some governmental Certificate of Degree of African Blood before they can get a scholarship from the NAACP or put "Black-owned" on their business if they want to. And four, most disturbingly: it guarantees the extinction of the American Indian. By this standard, white is the default, and everyone is approaching whiteness. Someone who is 1/8 Indian is considered white, and that is the end of their Indianness-- they are white and their children will be white, forever. On the other hand, I am 1/8 white, but that doesn't mean that's the end of whiteness in my line. It keeps sitting there, just as it has since the 19th century when my white ancestors entered my family. Eventually one of my descendants will marry a white person again and hah! We will be 1/4 white. A person can get more white, but not more Indian. Do you see what I mean? Every generation, there are fewer people this system thinks are full-bloods, and all the blood quantums get smaller.<br /><br />For my part, I think a mixed-blood Indian is just an Indian. Before white people came here, the tribes all mixed around a lot, and it didn't make anyone's culture disappear. You just belonged where your mother belonged, or, maybe some tribes did it where your father belonged. They didn't have to prove who they were. I'd personally like to see it that way again. But there's a problem with that, and it's resources. Indian tribes don't have a lot of resources now. There is hardly enough money for programs for the people we have. If we let in anybody who wanted to come? It would be very difficult practically. And it would be impossible to get federal money if we couldn't prove anything about blood, and few tribes are wealthy enough to get by without that. And, too, there are complaints from Indians that too much intermarriage and 'passing' and leaving the tribe is making us lose our culture. Certainly it is making us lose our languages. So a lot of people don't want a solution that would encourage more of that. That is why there's disagreement on this issue. Personally, I would rather see five non-Indians get Indian status than one Indian be denied it. Not all Indians agree with that, but it's what I think. The white politicians, of course, want just the opposite.<br /><br />Actually, the more I think about the non-Indians--or people with very, very tenuous Indian ancestry who know nothing about the culture--trying to be Indians, the more I think it's not so bad. I will admit, I can get very annoyed by wanna-be's. Especially, when I was younger they used to think I knew about drugs, and I could get them magic mushrooms or something. Now they just think I can get them a spirit guide. I guess that's progress. But anyway, my point is this: assimilation has devastated us. They took us and sent us to boarding schools as children to rob us of our languages. They made our religions illegal. They turned our culture into something for history class only. Now, some yuppie white girl finds out she had a Cherokee great-great-great-grandmother, or somebody says she did, and she wants to be a Cherokee. Well, why not? In the past, a lot of Indians had rituals where you could take the place of the dead. So if someone killed my son, maybe he could end our families' fighting by giving me one of his sons, to take the place of the one he killed. Maybe these "wannabes" have come to take the place of what we have lost. Why not accept them? Not make them citizens of our nations, perhaps, but let's take them in and teach them our ways and our languages and help them raise their children to be some of us. Maybe they do have a little bit of Indian blood and it's finding its way back to us. That's what I think. White people assimilated us. Why turn away those who want to assimilate back?<br /><br />Orrin.</span></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><u>Websites on Native American blood issues</u>:</span></span></h3>
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">There's a lot of Internet material on Indian blood quantum and mixedblood issues, here are some representative ones illustrating the problems our communities are facing with native identity today<b>:</b> Indians being disenfranchised or oppressed by blood certificate requirements that are too strict, deceitful non-Indians exploiting requirements that are too lax, mixed-blood people caught in the middle. A really <u>good</u> solution isn't going to come until our nations are empowered enough to make these kinds of decisions ourselves without having to answer to the federal government about it, in my opinion, but that doesn't seem likely to happen under a system that keeps splintering away more of us with every passing year. Catch-22.<br /><br /><img src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot.gif" /><b><a href="http://cita.chattanooga.org/bia/cdibfedreg.htm">Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood</a>:</b> Here's the legalese from the BIA about how Indian identity is officially certified</span><br />
<br />
<dd></dd><dd><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">by the government.<br /><img src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot.gif" /><b><a href="http://www.yvwiiusdinvnohii.net/Articles2000/JDForbes001126Blood.htm">A Relic Of Racism And Termination</a>:</b> Article on the problematic history of the degree-of-blood test.<br /><img src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot.gif" /><b><a href="http://www.petitiononline.com/0001/petition.html">Blood Quantum Petition</a>:</b> Online petition to the BIA calling for an end to blood certificates.<br /><img src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot.gif" /><b><a href="http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/articles/jan98ward.htm">The Crucible of American Indian Identity</a>:</b> Discussion of sovereignty and mixed-blood issues, with a detailed critique</span></dd><dd></dd><dd><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">of blood quantum rules.<br /><img src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot.gif" /><b><a href="http://www.electricscotland.com/history/america/donna/lore/blood_quantum.htm">Blood Quantum Questionnaire</a>:</b> Compiled responses from Native American respondents on the problems posed</span></dd><dd></dd><dd><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">by various Indian citizenship strategies.<br /><img src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot.gif" /><b><a href="http://www.allthingscherokee.com/atc_sub_gene_feat_040101.html">Why Blood Quantum Matters, and Why It Shouldn't</a>:</b> Article by a mixed-blood <a href="http://www.native-languages.org/cherokee.htm">Cherokee</a> on the fallacy of equating</span></dd><dd></dd><dd><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">blood purity with cultural authenticity.<br /><img src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot.gif" /><b><a href="http://www.imdiversity.com/villages/native/history_heritage/whitehead_mixedbloods_genocide.asp">Denying Assistance to Mixed Bloods Perpetuates Genocide</a>:</b> Article on the problems faced by urban mixed-race Indians.<br /><img src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot.gif" /><b><a href="http://dmoz.org/Society/Ethnicity/The_Americas/Indigenous/Native_Americans/Issues_and_Activism/Wannabes_and_Cultural_Appropriation/">Wannabees and Cultural Appropriation</a>:</b> Links to several sites about cultural theft and exploitation and how this hurts</span></dd><dd></dd><dd><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Indian communities.<br /><img src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot.gif" /><b><a href="http://www.native-languages.org/metis.htm">Metis</a>:</b> Canada has approached this issue by offering a separate aboriginal status to people of both native and non-native</span></dd><dd><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">ancestry, known as the Métis. Here is our collection of links about these mixed-race Canadian people. </span><br />
<div align="CENTER" style="text-align: start;">
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><img src="http://www.native-languages.org/oldbook.gif" /></span></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><u>Books on Native American blood issues</u>:</span></span></h3>
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Here are a few interesting books on the topic of American Indian blood quantum and other mixed-blood issues<b>:</b><br /><br /><img src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot.gif" /><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806130431/natilangofthe-20">The Dispossessed</a>:</b> Fascinating book about Native American cultural genocide and the struggle with mixed-race identity.<br /><img src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot.gif" /><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0520229770/natilangofthe-20">Real Indians: Identity and the Survival of Native America</a>:</b> An interesting exploration of Indian racial identity and</span></dd><dd><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">cultural encroachment.<br /><img src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot.gif" /><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560255110/natilangofthe-20">Genocide of the Mind</a>:</b> Terrific collection of essays by native authors on the erosion of Indian tribal identity including</span></dd><dd><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">some valuable insights into mixed parentage and assimilation.<br /><img src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot.gif" /><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0300080670/natilangofthe-20">Playing Indian</a>:</b> <a href="http://www.native-languages.org/dakota.htm">Lakota</a> author Philip Deloria weighs in on issues of cultural and religious appropriation and the</span></dd><dd><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">"Indian wannabe" phenomenon.<br /><img src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot.gif" /><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0700603956/natilangofthe-20">Mixed-Bloods and Tribal Dissolution</a>:</b> Book discussing the difficult history of Indian mixed-blood issues.<br /><img src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot.gif" /><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803280378/natilangofthe-20">Real Indians and Others</a>:</b> A Canadian Metis author explores the history and culture of urban mixed-blood Indians.<br /><img src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot.gif" /><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/025206321X/natilangofthe-20">Africans and Native Americans</a>:</b> Book on the history and culture of mixed-race black Indians.<br /><img src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot.gif" /><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00004Y7SQ/natilangofthe-20">Black Indians: An American Story</a>:</b> Video documentary on the lives of mixed-blood African-American/Native Americans. </span><br />
<h3>
<u style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">Sponsored Links</span></u></h3>
<ins id="aswift_1_expand" style="border: none; display: inline-table; height: 280px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 336px;"><ins id="aswift_1_anchor" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); border: none; display: block; height: 280px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 336px;"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="280" hspace="0" id="aswift_1" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_1" scrolling="no" style="left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px;" vspace="0" width="336"></iframe></ins></ins><br />
<h3>
<u style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;">Additional Reading</span></u></h3>
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> <b><a href="http://www.native-languages.org/genealogy.htm">Native American genealogy</a></b><br /> <b><a href="http://www.native-languages.org/genealogy-queries.htm">Native American ancestor identification</a></b><br /> <b><a href="http://www.native-languages.org/religion.htm">Native American religion</a></b><br /> <b><a href="http://www.native-languages.org/legends.htm">Native American legend</a></b></span><br />
<div align="CENTER">
</div>
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">
<div style="text-align: start;">
<img src="http://www.native-languages.org/feather.gif" /></div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
Back to <a href="http://www.bigorrin.org/orrin.htm">Orrin's homepage</a></div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
Back to the index of <a href="http://www.native-languages.org/languages.htm">Indian tribes</a></div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
Language of the day: <a href="http://www.native-languages.org/cheyenne.htm">Cheyenne</a> </div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<img alt="Native Languages" src="http://www.native-languages.org/oldbook.gif" /></div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<a href="http://www.native-languages.org/kids.htm">Native Americans</a> <img alt="*" src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot7.gif" /> <a href="http://www.native-languages.org/names.htm">Native American names</a> <img alt="*" src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot7.gif" /> <a href="http://www.native-languages.org/houses.htm">Native homes</a> <img alt="*" src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot7.gif" /> <a href="http://www.native-languages.org/beadwork.htm">Beaded jewelry</a> <img alt="*" src="http://www.native-languages.org/dot7.gif" /><a href="http://www.native-languages.org/tattoo.htm">Tribal Tattoo art</a> </div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
Would you like to help <a href="http://www.native-languages.org/help.htm">support our organization's work with endangered American Indian languages?</a></div>
<br />
<center>
<form action="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr" method="post" style="text-align: start;">
<input alt="Donate with PayPal - it's fast, free and secure!" border="0" name="submit" src="https://www.paypal.com/en_US/i/btn/x-click-but21.gif" type="image" /></form>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<b><i>Native Languages of the Americas website © 1998-2011 <img alt="*" src="http://www.native-languages.org/star.gif" /> <a href="http://www.native-languages.org/faq.htm">Contacts and FAQ page</a></i></b></div>
</center>
</span></dd>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-57249786578797417452015-07-11T11:42:00.001-04:002015-07-11T11:49:40.034-04:00Two cities... Lloydminster & Edinburgh<b style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #252525; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Edinburgh</b><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;"> </span><span class="nowrap" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #252525; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="IPA nopopups" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #5a3696; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="/ɛ/ short 'e' in 'bed'">ɛ</span><span style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="/ɪ/ short 'i' in 'bid'">ɪ</span><span style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="'n' in 'no'">n</span><span style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="/ɜr/ 'ir' in 'bird'">ɜr</span><span style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></span>/</a></span></span><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;"> is a town in </span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew_County,_Indiana" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #5a3696; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Bartholomew County, Indiana">Bartholomew</a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;">, </span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_County,_Indiana" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #5a3696; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Johnson County, Indiana">Johnson</a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;">, and </span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_County,_Indiana" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #5a3696; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Shelby County, Indiana">Shelby</a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;">counties in the </span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #5a3696; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;"> of </span><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #5a3696; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>. - Wikipedia<br />
------<br />
<br />
http://www.socialmail.com/emails/now-i-know/11301202/i-know-tale-cities<br />
<h3 class="null" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 144) !important; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 32px; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: navy; outline: 0px;">Tale of One Cities</span></span></span></h3>
<div style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; outline: 0px;">
On September 1, 1905, the government of Canada officially created the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, carving the two out of the Northwest Territories. The two provinces share the <a class="show_brand_popup" href="http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=964b52ae51&e=81b3b1060a" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #000090; outline: none !important; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.00392157) 1px 1px 1px; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">110th meridian west</a> as their common border, with Alberta to the west of the line and Saskatchewan to the east. The meridian also runs through the city of <span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;">Lloydminster, as seen roughly in the map below (the red box is Lloydminster), dividing the municipality into two parts. </span></div>
<div style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; outline: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"><img align="none" height="357" src="https://gallery.mailchimp.com/2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46/images/1ab6c0dc-ea73-4485-aadc-70b49a5e77a4.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 357px; margin: 0px; outline: none; vertical-align: middle; width: 350px;" target="_blank" width="350" /></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; outline: 0px;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; outline: 0px;" />
So which province is Lloydminster in?<br />
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; outline: 0px;" />
It depends.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; outline: 0px;" /><br />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;">Lloydminster was founded on </span>November 25, 1903, predating the two provinces by nearly two years. The original settlers of the town, before choosing the location for <span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;">Lloydminster, </span>knew that the Canadian government was likely to turn parts of the Northwest Territories into a full-fledge province, but that inevitability wasn't a concern for them. What the <span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;">Lloydminster settlers didn't know, though, was that the federal government was strongly leaning toward creating <em style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">two</em> </span>provinces<span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"> out of the area. Nor did they know that the powers-that-be were choosing the 110th meridian as the border. By the time the decision to create two provinces became well known and, </span>ultimately<span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;">, official, it was too late -- Lloydminster was a thriving frontier town and home to roughly 500 people. And then it was split down the middle.</span><br />
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; outline: 0px;" />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;">As a result, Lloydminster straddled the border, half in Alberta and half in Saskatchewan. When other towns have had </span>similar<span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"> problems with state or </span>provincial<span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"> borders, one of two solutions is common: either the border moves, allowing the town to remain together but in only one of the two new areas, or the town becomes two towns, each with their own government. Lloydminster opted for the first route and asked that the border running down the 110th be moved slightly so that the city could be entirely within Saskatchewan. But for reasons unclear, the Canadian government rejected the request. </span><br />
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; outline: 0px;" />
So Lloydminster simply remained part of both provinces. And it also remained one town, with one city hall, seen below -- and therefore, with one municipal government.</div>
<div style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; outline: 0px; text-align: center;">
<img align="none" height="262" src="https://gallery.mailchimp.com/2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46/images/58d28cd9-b786-4cd6-907d-364f4d7c5352.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 262px; margin: 0px; outline: none; vertical-align: middle; width: 350px;" target="_blank" width="350" /></div>
<div style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; outline: 0px;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; outline: 0px;" />
This, of course, causes a few problems. First, there's the glitch with Daylight Saving Time. As the Canadian Business Journal <a class="show_brand_popup" href="http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=9b0d347cd2&e=81b3b1060a" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #000090; outline: none !important; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.00392157) 1px 1px 1px; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">explained</a>, Alberta follows Daylight Saving Time during the summer, while most of <span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;">Saskatchewan opts not to. It'd be odd for a town to be split across a time zone (and only for a few months a year), so Lloydminster pretends that all of it is in Alberta and switches. Similarly, when it comes to </span>provincial<span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"> sales taxes (PST), Lloydminster follows the Alberta rule -- </span><a class="show_brand_popup" href="http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=8eaad9ecbc&e=81b3b1060a" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #000090; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: none !important; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.00392157) 1px 1px 1px; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Saskachewan has a 5% PST while Alberta has a 0% rate</a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"> -- making the </span>Saskatchewan<span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"> contingent in </span>Lloydminster<span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"> the only ones not subject to the PST. But on the other hand, <a class="show_brand_popup" href="http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=f8c9d9a58a&e=81b3b1060a" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #000090; outline: none !important; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.00392157) 1px 1px 1px; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">as Conde Nast Traveller notes</a>, Lloydminster's residents -- including those on the Alberta side -- partake in </span>Saskatchewan's<span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"> publicly-funded and operated health care system, and the schools follow the Saskatchewan </span>curriculum.<span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"> In many cases, the town simply chooses the laws it likes most.</span><br />
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; outline: 0px;" />
But that's not always the case. As the Financial Post <a class="show_brand_popup" href="http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=e7f03bcfe2&e=81b3b1060a" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #000090; outline: none !important; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.00392157) 1px 1px 1px; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">reported</a>, there are some differences between the two sides. Telephone service, for example, is provided by different companies, and the <span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;">Saskatchewan side is more expensive. The Saskatchewan citizens also pay a higher income tax and capital gains tax, and the companies in Saskatchewan pay more in taxes their counterparts in Alberta. As a result, housing prices and business growth are both higher on the Alberta side. And the two sides vote in different provincial and federal elections -- the Alberta side has a representative in the</span> Legislative Assembly of Alberta, the Saskatchewan side has representation in its Assembly, and <span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;">each side elects different members to the House of Commons.</span><br />
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; outline: 0px;" />
Regardless, the dual-province nature of the town has become its defining characteristic. It is reflected in the town's flag, seen <a class="show_brand_popup" href="http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage2.com/track/click?u=2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3fbe32ddbf&e=81b3b1060a" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #000090; outline: none !important; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.00392157) 1px 1px 1px; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">here</a>; in its official seal, <a class="show_brand_popup" href="http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=f45fe63bd4&e=81b3b1060a" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #000090; outline: none !important; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.00392157) 1px 1px 1px; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">here</a>, and even in front of city hall, seen above. Those orange pillars aren't just decorative -- they're designed to designate where the border between the two provinces runs. But they're not quite in the correct place. Because Lloydminster was founded during an era before GPS and other precise surveying tools and techniques, the town's main road doesn't quite sit on the 110th meridian -- it's off by a few meters. But, its close enough to create the weird interplay between rules and municipalities discussed above.</div>
<hr align="center" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-style: solid; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; height: 0px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px;" width="75%" />
<br />
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;" target="_blank"><td colspan="2" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: navy; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: normal; outline: 0px;"><a class="show_brand_popup" href="http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage2.com/track/click?u=2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=5439375d44&e=81b3b1060a" rel="nofollow" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #000090; display: block; height: 250px; outline: none !important; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.00392157) 1px 1px 1px; width: 300px; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://mir.insire.com/imp?s=97521&sz=300x250&li=689d00e31c&e=arlington@socialmail.com&p=81f4cd13e1" height="250" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto !important; outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: middle;" target="_blank" width="300" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 1px; line-height: 1px; outline: 0px;" target="_blank"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: navy; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: normal; outline: 0px;"><img src="http://mir.insire.com/imp?s=97522&sz=1x1&li=689d00e31c&e=arlington@socialmail.com&p=81f4cd13e1" height="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto !important; outline: none; vertical-align: middle;" target="_blank" width="10" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: navy; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: normal; outline: 0px;"><img src="http://mir.insire.com/imp?s=97523&sz=1x1&li=689d00e31c&e=arlington@socialmail.com&p=81f4cd13e1" height="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto !important; outline: none; vertical-align: middle;" target="_blank" width="10" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;" target="_blank"><td align="left" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: navy; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: normal; outline: 0px;"><a class="show_brand_popup" href="http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=8408e113f5&e=81b3b1060a" rel="nofollow" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #000090; outline: none !important; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.00392157) 1px 1px 1px; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://mir.insire.com/imp?s=2054&sz=116x15&li=689d00e31c&e=arlington@socialmail.com&p=81f4cd13e1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto !important; outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: middle;" target="_blank" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></td><td align="right" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: navy; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"><a class="show_brand_popup" href="http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=d9782a8996&e=81b3b1060a" rel="nofollow" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #000090; outline: none !important; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.00392157) 1px 1px 1px; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://mir.insire.com/imp?s=96003&sz=69x15&li=689d00e31c&e=arlington@socialmail.com&p=81f4cd13e1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto !important; outline: none; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: middle;" target="_blank" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<hr align="center" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-style: solid; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; height: 0px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px;" width="75%" />
<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; outline: 0px;" />
<a class="show_brand_popup" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7596984" id="bonusfact" name="bonusfact" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #000090; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; outline: none !important; text-decoration: underline; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.00392157) 1px 1px 1px; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"></a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: navy; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; outline: 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">Bonus Fact</u></strong></span><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;">: If you went to college, Saskatchewan wants you to move there -- and may be willing to make it worthwhile for you, too. Depending on what type of degree you have, Saskatchewan has a </span><a class="show_brand_popup" href="http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=b4c9305d6c&e=81b3b1060a" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #000090; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; outline: none !important; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.00392157) 1px 1px 1px; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">program</a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;"> which gives "a rebate up to $20,000 of tuition fees paid by eligible graduates who live in Saskatchewan and who file a Saskatchewan income tax return." The offer does not require that you attend a school in </span><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; outline: 0px;">Saskatchewan or Canada, for that matter, although not all schools meet the requirement of the program.</span><br />
<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; outline: 0px;" />
<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: navy; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; outline: 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;">From the Archives</u></strong></span><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;">: Three places where borders create weird problems: </span><a class="show_brand_popup" href="http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage2.com/track/click?u=2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=5bea27412f&e=81b3b1060a" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #000090; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; outline: none !important; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.00392157) 1px 1px 1px; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Kentucky</a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;">, </span><a class="show_brand_popup" href="http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=23737e01ba&e=81b3b1060a" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #000090; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; outline: none !important; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.00392157) 1px 1px 1px; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">US/Canada</a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;">, and </span><a class="show_brand_popup" href="http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=cdef9e62d9&e=81b3b1060a" sl-processed="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #000090; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; outline: none !important; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.00392157) 1px 1px 1px; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Netherlands/Belgium</a><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;">. And, </span>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-86988964491394186552015-06-24T14:12:00.003-04:002015-07-04T15:02:02.628-04:00Abe's paternityhttp://m.dailykos.com/story/2011/04/27/969663/-The-Paternity-of-Abraham-Lincoln<br />
<br />
<div id="intro" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: Arial, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">
Anyone familiar with researching family history is aware that two of the most valuable resources you can use to nail down facts include oral history and actual records, such as birth records, census records, marriage records, etc. These two methods of data collection, at their best, often complement each other. An oral tradition passed down in the family is sometimes a good starting point when consulting various records.<br />
In the matter of Abraham Lincoln's paternity, i.e., who his father was, the oral history, collected by some seemingly sincere individuals, and the recorded history, couldn't be more conflicting.<br />
Lincoln himself was not much interested in delving too deeply into his family history. After his nomination for president during the 1860 campaign, Lincoln's first biographer and law partner, William Herndon, records in his "<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=j51qwA5IfvgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=william+herndon&hl=en&ei=1YGwTeScA4uCtgeD9NHfCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false" style="color: #dd7a16; text-decoration: none;">Life of Lincoln</a>":<br />
<blockquote style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 122, 22); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 74.796875px;">
Among the earliest newspaper men to arrive in Springfield after the Chicago convention was the late J. L. Scripps of the Chicago Tribune, who proposed to prepare a history of his life. Mr. Lincoln deprecated the idea of writing even a campaign biography. "Why, Scripps," said he, "it is a great piece of folly to attempt to make anything out of me or my early life. It can all be condensed into a single sentence, and that sentence you will find in Gray's Elegy, 'The short and simple annals of the poor.' That's my life, and that's all you or anyone else can make out of it."</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="body" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: Arial, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">
Lincoln was unusually reticent about his parentage. Herndon writes that Lincoln only spoke to him one time about his mother:<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /><br />
<blockquote style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 122, 22); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 74.796875px;">
On the subject of his ancestry and origin I only remember one time when Mr. Lincoln ever referred to it. It was about 1850, when he and I were driving in his one-horse buggy to the court in Menard County, Illinois......During the ride, he spoke, for the first time in my hearing, of his mother, dwelling on her character, and mentioning and enumerating what qualities he inherited from her.</blockquote>
This reluctance to speak about his mother may have just been modesty. Herndon also relates in this passage that Lincoln said his mother, Nancy, was the product of an illegitimate relationship between Nancy's mother, Lucy, and a 'well-bred' Virginia farmer. In this instance, he may have also lived with some embarrassment at this knowledge. Herndon not only determined that Lincoln's mother was illegitimate, he pondered that this, and the possibility of Lincoln's own illegitimacy, made him suicidal:<br />
<blockquote style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 122, 22); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 74.796875px;">
Lincoln often thought of committing suicide. Why? Did the knowledge of his mother's origin, <strong>or his own</strong>, press the thought of suicide upon him? Who will weigh the force of such an idea as illegitimacy on man and woman, especially when that man or woman is very sensitive, such as Lincoln was? God keep such people.</blockquote>
According to some historians, Lincoln's lack of discussion about his history left an opening for his political enemies to hurl various charges against Lincoln's character, a chief accusation being the presumption that Abraham Lincoln himself was illegitimate and, therefore, possessed some kind of 'defect' that disqualified him from being president.<br />
The two traditions, oral and historical, agree on one thing: Lincoln's mother was Nancy Hanks. But they diverge radically in the matter of his paternity. The history books and the vast majority of historians do not doubt that Lincoln's father was Thomas Lincoln, a farmer and carpenter, who married Nancy Hanks in 1806 in Washington County, Kentucky. On February 12, 1809, Abraham Lincoln was born of this union in Hardin County, Kentucky. A replica of the Lincoln log cabin sits on the <a href="http://www.nps.gov/abli/index.htm" style="color: #dd7a16; text-decoration: none;">site of his birth</a>. He was named after his grandfather, Abraham Lincoln, an Indian fighter who met his end at the hands of a Native American sniper in a sneak attack. Thomas Lincoln was six years old at the time and may have witnessed his father's murder.<br />
According to Herndon, Thomas Lincoln grew up to be a man without much ambition or intelligence. He was not tall, about 5' 10". Herndon further describes Tom Lincoln:<br />
<blockquote style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 122, 22); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 74.796875px;">
He was proverbially slow of movement, mentally and physically; was careless, inert, and dull...</blockquote>
But other chroniclers of Lincoln's life disagree with that assessment. They point out that Thomas Lincoln was not unintelligent at all and that he possessed some sensitivity and creativeness because of the fine cabinets and furniture he crafted as a hobby.<br />
The oral history surrounding Abraham Lincoln is not really an oral tradition in the usual sense. The usual traditions spring from within the family and are passed along to each generation. Herndon, as noted - Lincoln's law partner and friend of twenty years - wrote about Lincoln's life and explored the question of his paternity. His work assumes that Tom Lincoln was his father, but he also looks into a North Carolina man who many say fathered Abraham Lincoln in the year 1804 (or 1806 depending on which researcher), two years before Tom and Nancy married. While Herndon seems to dismiss this theory, others later picked it up with their own research. Some even say with an inordinate amount of zeal.<br />
So, in this sense, the oral tradition emanated not from within Lincoln's family but from outsiders.<br />
In 1899, James Cathey, a North Carolina legislator, published information about the mysterious North Carolina man whose name was Abraham Enloe in his book "<a href="http://pointsouth.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=ABS&Product_Code=CATHEYJ-GENESIS&Category_Code=" style="color: #dd7a16; text-decoration: none;">The Genesis of Lincoln</a>." Cathey obtained numerous statements and affidavits from over 20 'witnesses' attesting to the fact that it was common knowledge that Abraham Enloe was the father of Abraham Lincoln as a result of an illcit affair with a very young Nancy Hanks, who lived with Enloe and his wife as their servant girl. The tradition goes some like this, from an <a href="http://www.carolinacountry.com/storypages/ourstories/abe/Lincoln2.09.pdf" style="color: #dd7a16; text-decoration: none;">article</a> in the February 2009 issue of Carolina Country:<br />
<blockquote style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 122, 22); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 74.796875px;">
...Nancy [Hanks] had been living with the Enloes on Puzzle Creek [North Carolina] as a servant since she was about 12. When she was about 17, the story goes, she and the tall, lanky Mr. Enloe became intimately involved. Nancy accompanied the large family to their new place in Swain County, not far from Waynesville, until Nancy’s pregnancy became obvious. Mr. Enloe then arranged for his friend Felix Walker, of Buncombe County, to take Nancy back to the Puzzle Creek homestead which was occupied by tenants. Nancy gave birth to Abraham there. What happened next is just as unclear as what happened earlier, but the story says Mr. Enloe arranged to bring Nancy and Abraham back to Swain County. But Mrs. Enloe wanted them out. So Mr. Enloe arranged for them to go 300 miles away to Kentucky, a place where he had established a grist mill, and that he paid a short, stocky, shiftless millworker named Tom Lincoln to marry Nancy and care for the family. The story continues that at some point Mr. Enloe heard that Mr. Lincoln was mistreating Nancy, so he visited the household, consoled Nancy, was caught by a drunken Mr. Lincoln who then tussled with Mr. Enloe and bit his nose pretty hard. R. Vincent Enlow, of New Jersey, published not long ago a lengthy examination of the story. He’s distantly related to Abraham Enloe, like a few other people in western North Carolina who look an awful lot like Abraham Lincoln.</blockquote>
Or, perhaps, they just look an awful lot like Abraham Enloe. What this article synthesizes is an oral legend in parts of North Carolina that questions the authenticity of Tom Lincoln, a "short, stocky, shiftless" millworker, as the father of Abraham Lincoln, who was ambitious, intelligent, literate, and turned his talents to a presidency that saved the nation.<br />
While there are no photographs of Abaham Enloe, there do exist statements from relatively contemporaneous 'witnesses' about his physical stature, his success as a regional economic power, and his intelligence that points to someone who was more likely than Thomas Lincoln to be the president's father. Additional proof, to the oralists (or as some skeptical writers call the "Enloeists"), is a <a href="http://www.google.com/images?hl=en&source=hp&biw=1362&bih=614&q=wesley+enloe&btnG=Search+Images&gbv=2&aq=f&aqi=g1&aql=&oq=" style="color: #dd7a16; text-decoration: none;">photograph</a> of Abraham Enloe's youngest son that affirms the uncanny resemblence between the son, Wesley Enloe, and Abraham Lincoln, who would have been Lincoln's half brother. You have to admit, Wesley does appear to be as 'lanky' as Abraham Lincoln.<br />
Cathey in fact interviewed Wesley Enloe in 1899 who told him:<br />
<blockquote style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 122, 22); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 74.796875px;">
I was born after the incident between father and Nancy Hanks. I have, however, a vivid recollection of hearing the name Nancy Hanks frequently mentioned when I was a boy . . . I have no doubt that the cause of my father’s sending her to Kentucky is the one generally alleged.</blockquote>
But the crux of the issue comes down to a couple of things, to my thinking. If Nancy Hanks Lincoln lived in North Carolina in the Enloe household, how did she get there? Historians, chiefly William Barton in his "<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ZOZBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA272#v=onepage&q&f=false" style="color: #dd7a16; text-decoration: none;">The Paternity of Abraham Lincoln</a>" and <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=wYmvvEeuAi0C&pg=PA14&lpg=PA14&dq=%22Lincoln's+paternity%22+steers&source=bl&ots=C-kbibLjnN&sig=WIRkli_2JuxCYZw02LN0SybuE58&hl=en&ei=gSKwTeqvIpCyuAPdtbiGBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Lincoln's%20paternity%22%20steers&f=false" style="color: #dd7a16; text-decoration: none;">Edward Steers</a>, who "draws on Barton," record that Nancy Hanks was born in Virginia and was taken at an early age from there directly to Kentucky. Steers concludes that the best evidence showing that Abe Lincoln was born in 1809 of Tom and Nancy is the fact that Dennis Hanks, Lincoln's cousin, <a href="http://www.gwyneddfriends.org/dennis_hanks.htm" style="color: #dd7a16; text-decoration: none;">attests</a> that "I was the second man who touched Lincoln after his birth, a custom in Kentucky then of running to greet the newborn babe."<br />
Many <a href="http://kyblog.arleneeakle.com/2009/06/19/i-too-am-a-kentuckian/" style="color: #dd7a16; text-decoration: none;">others</a> have pointed out that, in addition to multiple Nancy Hankses at the time in Virginia, Kentucky, and North Carlolina, there were also at least four (see Steers) Abraham Enloes; three in Kentucky and the one in North Carolina.<br />
Others explain that Nancy went from Virginia to North Carolina and then to Kentucky. These researchers postulate that Nancy Hanks Lincoln was born in Virginia but travelled at an early age with her mother, Lucy Hanks, to North Carolina. Lucy Hanks, to the Enloeists, bore two illegitimate daughters: Mandy and Nancy. Nancy was the product of Lucy and a horse trader named Michael Tanner.<br />
Nancy stayed for a while with her uncle 'Dicky' Hanks in Lincoln County, NC, which later was known as Rutherford County. Because of Dicky's problem with alcohol, he had to give Nancy up to the well to do Abraham Enloe family at about the age of 12.<br />
The other issue regards the Enloeist claim that Abraham Lincoln was born in 1804, two years before the marriage of Nancy and Tom Lincoln. On one level, this seems incredible. However, not to be outdone by historians, the Enloeists have found witnesses to state they saw a young child named Abraham at the wedding. <br />
Ellen Potts, who claims to be the g-g-g-grandaughter of Abraham Enloe, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Tarheel-Lincoln-Jerry-Goodnight/product-reviews/1931058113/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1" style="color: #dd7a16; text-decoration: none;">recalls</a> reading in Cathey's book one of the witnesses at the wedding of Tom and Nancy as being the wedding's own minister:<br />
<blockquote style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 122, 22); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 74.796875px;">
Even the pastor performing Tom Lincoln's marriage to Nancy Hanks remembered seeing young Abraham at the wedding in 1806, precluding the official story line that Abraham Lincoln was born three years after the Lincoln - Hanks marriage.</blockquote>
In fact, Abraham Lincoln would have been older, if this is true, than the recorded first born in the Lincoln family, his sister Sarah Lincoln. The North Carolina advocates explain away Dennis Hanks' testimony that he was the second one to touch the baby Lincoln. Another child born to Tom and Nancy died in infancy and was named Tom. The Enloeists insist that Dennis is mistaken and that he really touched the baby Tom Lincoln.<br />
Herndon sheds little light on the possibility that Abraham Lincoln actually grew up five years older than previously thought, except for a passage about his unusual growth, or height, beginning in his eleventh year:<br />
<blockquote style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 122, 22); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 74.796875px;">
In his eleventh year he began that marvelous and rapid growth in stature for which he was so widely noted...</blockquote>
The on-set of growth usually doesn't occur until puberty, unless it's accounted for by Lincoln's suspected <a href="http://rarediseases.about.com/cs/marfansyndrome/a/092402.htm" style="color: #dd7a16; text-decoration: none;">Marfan Syndrome</a>.<br />
The Cathey legend spawned a number of other speculations in book form. In 1940, James C. Coggins wrote about the same issue in "<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/10158497-the-eugenics-of-president-abraham-lincoln" style="color: #dd7a16; text-decoration: none;">The Eugenics of Abraham Lincoln</a>." In 2008, Don Norris <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=f2FZq5EZwMcC&pg=PA37&lpg=PA37&dq=%22michael+tanner%22+%22horse+trader%22&source=bl&ots=W70aZJrrn5&sig=BayeUHnnc2CLLeBj65N436uQ6hE&hl=en&ei=_gm3TYa1DKbQiALF3dUt&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22michael%20tanner%22%20%22horse%20trader%22&f=false" style="color: #dd7a16; text-decoration: none;">explored</a> his interest in Lincoln's paternity and writes about Abraham Enloe at some length. A couple of North Carolina writers, Richard Eller and Jerry Goodnight, co-authored "<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Tarheel-Lincoln-Jerry-Goodnight/dp/1931058113" style="color: #dd7a16; text-decoration: none;">The Tarheel Lincoln</a>" in 2003.<br />
Norris claims in his book that a William C. Enloe, direct descendant of Abraham Enloe, has in his possession a page from the Latter Day Saints' International Geneological Index, or IGI that states:<br />
<blockquote style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 122, 22); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 74.796875px;">
International Genelogical Index (R) - Version 4.01<br />
10 JUL 2000. HOLDING FILE ENTRIES Page 11<br />
Abraham ENLOE (M): b 12 Feb 1806 F# 176724<br />
Father: Abram or Abraham ENLOE Puzzle Creek<br />
Rutherford<br />
Mother: Nancy HANKS_<em>_</em>___County, North Carolina</blockquote>
If this exists, Norris decided not to include an image of it in his book. And he gives IGI records much more credence than most geneaologists, amateur or professional.<br />
It was about this time that the <a href="http://www.bosticlincolncenter.com/" style="color: #dd7a16; text-decoration: none;">Bostic Lincoln Center</a> was born. It is located in Bostic, North Carolina, and is dedicated to educating visitors about Abraham Lincoln's real father, Abraham Enloe. The Bostic Center has 'rare' books and will point to many quotes by those interviewed by James Cathey, such as a Colonel Davis who grew up with Lincoln in Illinois, and told Cathey:<br />
<blockquote style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 122, 22); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 74.796875px;">
It was generally understood, in that neighborhood, that [Thomas] Lincoln, the man that married the President's mother, is not the father of the President, but that his real name was Enloe.</blockquote>
It is this same Davis who is also included in the Cathey affidavits and recounted <a href="http://www.genealogytoday.com/us/lincoln/genesis.pdf" style="color: #dd7a16; text-decoration: none;">here</a> by R. Vincent Elow, a distant relative of Abraham Enloe:<br />
<blockquote style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 122, 22); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 74.796875px;">
In the fall of 1860, just before the presidential election, Davis and his friend went back to Rutherford and spent an evening with Dr. Egerton. Davis told Egerton that in a private conversation with Lincoln, the presidential candidate said in confidence that he was of Southern extraction and his right name ought to be Enloe, but that he had always gone by the name of his stepfather.</blockquote>
At this point, you can begin to be overwhelmed by the Enloeist theory, or at least beaten down into submission to their theory. DNA testing on the Nancy Hanks line seems to be in progress.<br />
The Nancy <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/public/HanksDNAProject/default.aspx?section=results" style="color: #dd7a16; text-decoration: none;">Hanks DNA project</a> appears to <a href="http://genforum.genealogy.com/hanks/messages/2795.html" style="color: #dd7a16; text-decoration: none;">conclude</a> that Lucy Hanks was the mother of Nancy Hanks as a result of an illicit affair. Seven years after Lucy gave birth to Nancy, she married Henry Sparrow and farmed Nancy off to his brother and wife, Thomas and Elizabeth Hanks Sparrow. Even Dennis Hanks, who lived with the Lincolns, called Nancy Hanks 'Nancy Sparrow'.<br />
The North Carolina tradition, through the Bostic Lincoln Center, would also like DNA testing done on the descendants of Abraham Enloe to compare this DNA with any existing of Abraham Lincoln's DNA.<br />
The story of how Enloe's Nancy got from North Carolina to Kentucky said that Abraham Enloe "had established a grist mill" near the historical birthplace of Abraham Lincoln. Herndon describes a young Abe Lincoln as having liked to visit a grist mill, as described in this idyllic passage:<br />
<blockquote style="border-left-color: rgb(221, 122, 22); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 74.796875px;">
The dull routine of chores and household errands in the boy's every-day life was brightened now and then by a visit to the mill. I often in later years heard Mr. Lincoln say that going to the mill gave him the greatest pleasure of his boyhood days.</blockquote>
Is this attraction Lincoln had for a grist mill in any way related to a knowledge he might have possessed that his real father had established a mill nearby? Was the mill a 'great pleasure' for Lincoln as an escape from his distant and harsh father, Tom Lincoln?<br />
In the end, the most either side of this controversy will give the other is: The Enloeists, represented by Jerry Goodnight say, "Prove us wrong and we'll go away."<br />
The historians and some genealogists say: "There may have been a Nancy Hanks who had a son named Abraham by Abraham Enloe, but it wasn't Abraham Lincoln, the president."<br />
Nancy Hanks Lincoln didn't raise Abe to adulthood. In fact, she died in 1818 of 'milk-disease'. When Tom Lincoln died in 1851, Abe Lincoln was unable to attend the funeral, which some point out as further proof that Thomas Lincoln and Abe Lincoln were not that close.<br />
If the DNA projects in both camps ever solve the mystery of Lincoln's paternity, Lincoln's own admonishment about his past, that it can be found in Gray's 'Annals of the Poor' will still hold true.<br />
In the interim, a search of this issue on the Internet yields some interesting things about this story. Researchers who have no knowledge of the paterinity issue seem to be turning up clues about Lincoln's paternity through looking at records in their own families. This is <a href="http://genforum.genealogy.com/hanks/messages/2252.html" style="color: #dd7a16; text-decoration: none;">one</a>. I'm sure there are others that will only deepen the mystery.</div>
Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-15609891540999533842015-06-22T17:28:00.000-04:002015-06-22T17:28:08.781-04:00HEMET: Genealogical search leads to photo, and Abe Lincoln<br />
http://www.pe.com/articles/hanks-770701-hall-father.html<br />
<h1 class="title" style="-webkit-hyphens: manual; background-color: white; font-weight: normal; font: -apple-system-headline; max-width: 100%;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;">What started as one woman’s quest to find a photo of her father who died when she was a toddler turned into a team effort that spanned centuries and led to a family relation to Abraham Lincoln.</span></h1>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; max-width: 100%;">
Dale Hall moved to Hemet and started dabbling in genealogy about 20 years ago. She likes the research and being able to help others trace the roots and leafs of their family trees.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; max-width: 100%;">
Then Connie Morris approached Hall about two years ago asking if she could help her step-sister, Diana Hanks, find a photograph of her father.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; max-width: 100%;">
Hanks had an early childhood memory of her mother tearing up the only picture she had ever seen of her father, John Warner Hanks. By that time, her mother was remarried.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; max-width: 100%;">
“My step-dad was a good man and took good care of me, but as I got older I just wanted to have a picture of my real father,” said Hanks, of Hemet.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; max-width: 100%;">
She knew the circumstances of her father’s 1953 death. The family was living in Phoenix but traveled to Indio so John Hanks could visit his mother. During the trip, a tractor-trailer truck rear-ended his vehicle and he was killed, just a couple weeks shy of his 23rd birthday. He was buried in Indio.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; max-width: 100%;">
“I knew physically where he was at; I just wanted a picture,” said Hanks, 64. She knew he had been in the military but all records had been burned. Her mother kept his birth and death certificates but Hanks wasn’t sure how that could help her.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; max-width: 100%;">
When Morris contacted Hall about trying to find a photograph, Hall agreed but admits it seemed to be an arduous, if not impossible, task.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; max-width: 100%;">
“She had had so many brick walls over the years, I just said that I couldn’t promise anything,” Hall said. “I took everything she had and started my research.”</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; max-width: 100%;">
There wasn’t much new information online, based on the documents she used.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; max-width: 100%;">
“I decided to go back – a lot of times if we go back, we can go forward,” said Hall, a member of the Hemet San Jacinto Genealogical Society.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; max-width: 100%;">
She was able to go back three generations by comparing names with dates and places of birth. She confirmed everything she found by checking marriage and other records against one another.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; max-width: 100%;">
Diana Hanks’ great-grandfather, Pascal, was the key that unlocked everything. One of his sons, James William Hanks, had two sons – Stanley Oliver and John Warner. Hall was able to find cousins in the Sacramento area and told them what she was trying to find. One of them had three pictures.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; max-width: 100%;">
“He sent me the pictures and I started crying. I knew I had found Diana’s father,” Hall said. “Diana not only got her father but a president, too,”</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; max-width: 100%;">
Her great-great grandfather, Joseph Hanks, was a nephew of Nancy Hanks Lincoln, making Pascal Hanks a second cousin to Abraham Lincoln. Now she has a binder filled with historic documents and information.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; max-width: 100%;">
“It’s exciting to know that I am related to Abraham Lincoln but all I really wanted was a picture of my dad – and Dale found that for me. This is all that was important to me,” Hanks said as she held up one of the photographs.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; max-width: 100%;">
<b style="max-width: 100%;">Contact the writer:</b> <a href="mailto:dianerhodes.writer@gmail.com" style="color: #146fdf; max-width: 100%; text-decoration: none;">dianerhodes.writer@gmail.com</a></div>
Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-43419761317656274062015-05-28T13:22:00.001-04:002015-07-04T15:03:19.795-04:00Amerind & Consthttp://www.flashpointmag.com/amindus.htm<br />
<br />
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<img src="http://www.flashpointmag.com/whdel.jpg" /><br />
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: xx-small;">Several delegations at the White House-<br />Sioux, Pawnee, Pottawatomis, Sac & Fox<br />January 1, 1858<br /><i>courtesy Denver Public LIbrary</i></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<br /></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b><span style="color: #005382; font-family: ARIAL; font-size: large;">American Indians<br />& The United States Constitution</span></b><b></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">By ROBERT J. MILLER<br />PROFESSOR</span><b></b></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b><br />The United States Constitution provides that “Congress shall have Power . . . To regulate Commerce . . . with the Indian Tribes.” It is no surprise that American Indian tribes are mentioned in our Constitution. Indian tribes have always played a major part in the non-Indian exploration, settlement, and development of this country. When Christopher Columbus thought he had discovered the “New World” in 1492, it is estimated that 10-30 million native people lived in North America, that is, in the present day countries of Mexico, United States and Canada. These millions of people lived under governments of varying sophistication and complexity. These native governments were viable and fully operational political bodies which controlled their citizens and their territories and were an important factor in the development of the United States government we live under today.</b><br />
<b></b><br />
<a name='more'></a><b><br /></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b>The European countries that colonized North America dealt with the native tribal governments as sovereign governments, that is, as governments that had independent and supreme authority over their citizens and territories. Especially in the area of the present day United States, the European powers interacted with American Indian tribal governments through official diplomatic means. Starting with England as early as 1620, and France, Spain, and Holland, the European powers negotiated with Indian tribes through official government to government council sessions and by entering treaties which recognized tribal governmental control over the territory of this “New World.” The European countries had a selfish motive for dealing with American Indian tribes in this fashion. The European governments wanted to legitimize the transactions they entered with Indian tribes to buy tribal lands. Thus, they wanted to make the transactions look official and legal by buying Indian lands through governmental treaties so that other European countries could not contest or object to these land sales.</b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b>The United States adopted this tradition of dealing with Indian tribes as sovereign governments from the European powers. From the very beginning of its existence, the U.S. dealt with Indian tribes on an official governmental and treaty making basis. Political involvement in Indian affairs was a very important part of governmental life in early America. Indian tribes were very powerful in the 1700s and early 1800s in America and were a serious threat to the new United States. Hence, the United States government was heavily involved in negotiating and dealing with tribes as part of its governmental policies. The United States ultimately negotiated, signed and ratified almost 390 treaties with American Indian tribes. Most of these treaties are still valid today. The United States did not give Indian tribes anything for free in these treaties. Instead, the treaties were formal government to government negotiations regarding sales of land and property rights that the tribes owned and that the United States wanted to buy. The United States Supreme Court stated in 1905 that United States and Indian treaties are “not a grant of rights to the Indians, but a grant of rights from them — a reservation of those not granted.” Thus, while tribal governments sold some of their rights in land, animals, and resources to the United States for payments of money, goods, and promises of peace and security, the tribes held onto or reserved to themselves other lands and property rights that they did not sell in the treaties. The United States Supreme Court has likened these Indian treaties to contracts between “two sovereign nations.”</b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b>When the thirteen American colonies decided to rebel against England and seek their independence, they formed the Continental Congress to manage their national affairs. This Congress operated from 1774-1781 and dealt with Indian tribes on a diplomatic, political basis and signed one treaty with the Delaware Tribe in 1778. The political interest of the United States at that time was to keep the tribes happy with the new American government and to keep Indian tribes from fighting for the English in the American Revolutionary War during 1775-1781. This Congress engaged in diplomatic relations with tribes by sending representatives to the tribes bearing many gifts and promises of peace and friendship to keep the tribes neutral in the United States’ war with England.</b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b>The thirteen American colonies then adopted the Articles of Confederation in 1781 and convened in a new Congress to manage their affairs on the national level. This Congress also had to manage Indian affairs and keep the tribes from fighting against the United States. The new Congress also sent diplomatic representatives to the tribes and promised friendship and peace, and ultimately it </b><i><u>signed eight treaties with Indian tribes between 1781-1789, including treaties with the Iroquois Confederacy, the Cherokee Tribe, the Shawnee Tribe</u></i><b> and numerous other tribes. However, this Congress’ power in Indian affairs was limited because the Articles of Confederation did not clearly give this Congress the exclusive power to deal with tribes. Thus, various states meddled in Indian affairs and actually caused wars between tribes and Georgia and South Carolina, for example, because the states were trying to steal Indian lands. The problems caused by states getting involved in Indian affairs led many people to call for the formation of a new and stronger United States government wherein the exclusive power over Indian affairs would be placed only in the hands of the national government and would be taken completely away from the states.</b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b>When the representatives of the thirteen colonies/states started drafting the United States Constitution, to form the United States government we now live under, the “Founding Fathers” of this nation had to carefully consider the role of Indian tribes in the political arrangement of the new nation. As James Madison pointed out, much of the trouble that England and the thirteen colonies had suffered with Indian tribes from the 1640’s forward arose when individual colonists or colonial governments tried to greedily take Indian lands. In those instances, the colonies and individual colonists would negotiate with tribes without the permission or the involvement of the English King or the American national leadership. The drafters of the U.S. Constitution tried to solve this problem by taking Indian affairs out of the hands of the colonies/states and individuals and placing the sole power to deal and negotiate with tribes into the hands of the U.S. Congress. Thus, Indian tribes and their people, and the United States relationship with tribes are addressed in the U.S. Constitution.</b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b>In Article I, the United States Constitution accomplishes the goal of excluding states and individuals from Indian affairs by stating that only Congress has the power “To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes . . . .” The United States Supreme Court has interpreted this language to mean that the Congress was granted the exclusive right and power to regulate trade and affairs with the Indian tribes. The very first United States Congress formed under our new Constitution, in 1789-1791, immediately assumed this power and </b><i><u>in the first five weeks of its existence it enacted four statutes concerning Indian affairs</u></i><b>. In 1789, the new Congress, for example, established a Department of War with responsibility over Indian affairs, set aside money to negotiate Indian treaties, and appointed federal commissioners to negotiate treaties with tribes. In July 1790, this Congress passed a law which forbids states and individuals from dealing with tribes and from buying Indian lands. This law is still in effect today.</b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b>Indian tribes are also referred to, but are not expressly designated, in Article VI of the Constitution where it is made clear that all treaties entered by the United States “shall be the supreme Law of the Land.” In 1789, the United States had only entered a few treaties with European countries while it had already entered nine treaties with different Indian tribes. Consequently, this treaty provision of the U.S. Constitution states that the federal government’s treaties with Indian tribes are the supreme law of the United States.</b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b>Individual Indians are also mentioned in the Constitution of 1789, Article I, and again in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution which was ratified in 1868. In counting the population of the states to determine how many representatives a state can have in Congress, Indians were expressly not to be counted unless they paid taxes. In effect, Indians were not considered to be federal or state citizens unless they paid taxes. After the Civil War when citizenship rights were extended through the Fourteenth Amendment to ex-slaves and to “[a]ll persons born or naturalized in the United States,” that Amendment still excluded individual Indians from citizenship rights and excluded them from being counted towards figuring congressional representation unless they paid taxes. This demonstrates that Congress still considered Indians to be citizens of other sovereign governments even in 1868 when the Fourteenth Amendment was adopted. This view was correct because most Indians did not become United States citizens until 1924 when Congress passed a law making all Indians United States citizens. For many years after 1924, states were still uncertain whether Indians were also citizens of the state where they lived and in many states Indians were not allowed to vote in state elections.</b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b>American Indian tribes have played a major role in the development and history of the United States and have engaged in official, diplomatic governmental relations with other sovereign governments from the first moment Europeans stepped foot on this continent. Indian tribes have been a part of the day to day political life of the United States and continue to have an important role in American life down to this day. Tribes continue to have a government to government relationship with the United States and they continue to be sovereign governments with primary control over their citizens and their territory. It is no surprise, then, that the relationship between Indian people, tribal governments and the United States is addressed in the provisions of the United States Constitution.</b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b><b><span style="color: #005382; font-family: ARIAL; font-size: medium;">Side bar - The Doctrine of Discovery </span></b></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b>From 1492 forward, European countries and the United States justified their dealings with the natives and American Indian tribes in North and South America under the “doctrine of discovery.” Under this principle, the European country that first discovered a new area where Christian Europeans had not yet arrived could claim the territory for their own country. This did not mean that the natives lost the right to live on the land or to farm and hunt animals on it but it did mean that the natives could only sell their land to the one European country that “discovered” them and that they should only deal politically with that one European country. In most situations, the Europeans also enforced the doctrine of discovery against themselves because they recognized and agreed to be bound by the principle that the discovering country earned a protectible property right in newly discovered territories. The audacity of one country “discovering” and claiming lands already occupied and owned by American Indians came from the idea that Christians and white Europeans were superior to people of other races and religions. When European countries first came to the New World, they were not strong enough militarily to just take the land from the Indian tribes. Thus, they entered treaties with tribes to make the transactions look legal and valid, and they bought the lands they wanted. In addition, influential scholars in England and Spain, for example, believed that Indians had a legal right as free people to continue to own their lands and that a European country could only take lands by force in an honorable war.</b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b>In exercising its control over the American continent, the United States also enforced the doctrine of discovery. Thus, as the United States Supreme Court stated in 1823, in the case of Johnson v. McIntosh, 21 U.S. (8 Wheat) 543 (1823), the United States acquired the sole right to buy lands from Indian tribal governments under the doctrine of discovery. Thus, sales of land that Indians had made to persons other than to the United States government were invalid. Tribes continued to have the right to use and occupy their lands but their governmental sovereign powers were restricted in that they could only sell their lands to the United States. Johnson, 21 U.S. at 573-74. The United States gained this power under the doctrine of discovery from England and from other European countries as the U.S. bought or acquired the “discovery” authority of these European countries over various parts of the American continent.</b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b>In upholding this power of discovery over Indian tribes for the United States, the Supreme Court had to ignore its own opinion that Indians possessed natural rights to their lands. In fact, the Supreme Court refused to say why American farmers, “merchants and manufacturers have a right, on abstract principles, to expel hunters from the territory they possess” or to limit the tribal rights. Instead, in determining tribal rights to sell their lands, the Court relied on the doctrine of discovery and the fact that the United States had beaten some tribes in war to decide that only the United States could buy Indian lands. “Conquest gives a title [to the land] which the Courts of the conqueror cannot deny . . . .” Id. at 588.</b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b><b></b></b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;">
<b><b><small>© Copyright 2006 Robert J. Miller</small></b></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<hr />
<table><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="http://lawlib.lclark.edu/blog/native_america/"><img border="0" src="http://www.flashpointmag.com/millerbook.jpg" /></a></td><td> </td><td align="top" b="">Robert J. Miller is an Associate Professor at Lewis & Clark Law School in Portland. He is the Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon and sits as a judge for other tribes. He is the author of <i>Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, and Manifest Destiny</i>.Further details about the book and other writings on the impact of Manifest Destiny on Native America can be found on Professor Miller's blog at<a href="http://lawlib.lclark.edu/blog/native_america/">http://lawlib.lclark.edu/blog/native_america/</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<b style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; color: #2a0000;"><b></b></b><br />
<hr />
Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-3714326575802778072015-05-23T18:27:00.001-04:002015-05-23T18:32:44.537-04:00the best poor man's country - PA<br>
http://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=1-9-6<br>
<br><br><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-LLGd3uocIvE/VWD_yARavyI/AAAAAAAAIkg/vKmjtzgrtPo/s640/blogger-image--1556083767.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-LLGd3uocIvE/VWD_yARavyI/AAAAAAAAIkg/vKmjtzgrtPo/s640/blogger-image--1556083767.jpg"></a></div>Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7596984.post-32722494004079523662015-05-18T16:32:00.003-04:002015-05-18T16:32:35.815-04:00Natives, Ohio, mounds, pigeons<br />
https://www.facebook.com/groups/AdenaCore/permalink/885046134889540/<br />
<br />Bill Robinsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08318662125413073632noreply@blogger.com